In this article I decided to move away from the main topic of the blog and touch a little on the computer topic. Namely, talk about how to make a cable yourself to connect two computers to a local network for sharing and transferring files from one computer to another.

To connect two computers, we first need the UTP cable itself, category 5 or 5E, called twisted pair.

Fig.1 UTP cable - twisted pair

UTP in English is translated as Unshielded twisted pair - unshielded twisted pair. The category determines the cable's bandwidth, which is the determining factor in data transfer speed. There are currently seven categories in total.

Designation	Bandwidth	Data transfer rate
cat. 1	100 Hz	up to 56 Kbps
cat. 2	1 MHz	up to 4 Mbit/s
cat. 3	16 MHz	up to 10 Mbit/s
cat. 4	20 MHz	up to 16 Mbit/s
cat. 5	100 MHz	up to 100 Mbit/s when using 2 pairs
cat. 5E	125 MHz	up to 100 Mbit/s when using 2 pairs 1 Gbit/s when using 4 pairs
cat. 6	250 MHz	up to 1 Gbit/s when using 4 pardos 10 Gbit/s with a cable length of no more than 55m
cat. 6A	500 MHz	up to 1 Gbit/s when using 4 pardos 10 Gbit/s with a cable length of no more than 100m
cat. 7	600 MHz	up to 10 Gbit/s using 4 pairs
cat. 7A	700 - 1200 MHz	up to 10 Gbit/s when using 4 pardos 40 Gbit/s with a cable length of no more than 50m

up to 100 Gbit/s with a cable length of no more than 15 m

In local networks, the most widely used cables are cat.5 and cat.5e.

The color of the UTP cable sheath indicates its functional purpose. So the black color indicates that the cable is intended for outdoor installation and is protected from external influences, the orange color indicates that the sheath material is non-flammable. In residential buildings and offices, a cable with a gray sheath color is used.

Any cable sold in stores must be marked indicating the cable type, category, number of twisted pairs and conductor diameter. Please note that the diameter is in American standard (or as it is also called gauge) AWG. For example, for category 5, a diameter of 24AWG is used, which corresponds to a diameter of 0.51 mm and a cross-sectional area of ​​0.2 mm2. For categories 6A, 7, 7A, the conductor diameter is 23 AWG. With AWG, the smaller the gauge, the thicker the wire itself will be. I will write more about the AWG standard in one of the upcoming articles, since now I have to deal with it more and more often.

Each individual twisted pair included in a cable intended for data transmission must have a characteristic impedance of 100 ± 15 Ohms, otherwise the shape of the electrical signal will be distorted, which will negatively affect data transmission.

The distance between two points of the local network should not exceed 100m, otherwise the signal may “attenuate”, which will affect its quality.

In addition to the cable itself, you will need 2 RJ-45 connectors (can be designated as 8P8C).

Fig.2 RJ-45 connector

To crimp connectors you will need crimping pliers (crimper). In addition to crimping, it can also strip wire insulation and cut them.

Fig.3 Crimping pliers - crimper

The cable is crimped on both sides with RJ-45 connectors. First you need to remove the insulation from the cable by about 2-3 centimeters, unwind the wires, placing them in the correct order in the connector so that the wires fit tightly to the end of the connector. In this case, there is no need to remove the insulation from each conductor. After this, insert the connector into the crimper and squeeze the handles until they stop. The first time you may not be able to crimp it properly, so it is advisable to buy connectors with a reserve, since they are cheap.

A properly crimped end of the cable should look something like this:

The figure below shows the cable crimping diagram. There are two main cable crimping schemes, but for computer-to-computer connections we will use the so-called crossover circuit. One end of the cable is shown on the left, the other end is shown on the right (the numbers indicate the contact numbers). This type of connection is called crossover, or in English crossover.

Diablo2oo2's Universal Patcher or DUP2 is a program for comparing files and creating the resulting executable patch exe file, the launch of which will change or add to the initial file, turning it into the final, converted file. The patch generator allows you to create a executable exe file, the patcher interface is easy to change : set an icon, write the title of the patch, the name of the application, insert the URL, information about the author, comments, release date, etc. Also, in addition to creating patches, DUP2 can create loaders.

Universal patcher

You can attach music (xm, it, mod, s3m, mtm, umx, v2m, ahx, sid), skins.res and set the region (RGN) of the window to the created patch. It is possible to set the color for text, background, control the transparency of DUP2 dialog boxes, and you can connect an external packer to compress the output patch size.

How to make a patch?

Patch creation is controlled through DUP2 modules and plugins. Through them, parameters and data are specified in the program. In the general settings of the program, you can configure the dimming and appearance of the patch window over time, set the text of the creeping line, its font, size, color and style, the desired size and shape of the patch window.

Usage example:

We changed a certain program (for example, Russified it) using a disassembler, and received two files: the original and the modified. The universal patcher DUP2 finds differences in them and creates an exe patch that contains only the differences between the files and its own interface.

Many women, sooner or later, begin to worry about problems with the skin under their eyes. Causes of bags, circles or wrinkles a lot of. These are not only age-related changes, but also sleepless nights or worries.

The best solution to eliminate these small troubles are special pads - patches under the eyes, which act quickly. With their help, you can deal with these problems quite simply and it won’t take much time.

Eye patches, this special pads, semicircular shape. This form was not chosen by chance. It most completely covers the problem area under the eye, for greater effect. The adhesive side, with a special gel applied to it, prevents the mask from moving when glued.

Eye patches can be purchased at any cosmetic store, or you can make them yourself DIY eye patches.

It is recommended to keep this mask for about half an hour. After removal, throw it away. You cannot reuse the same overlay; it will not give results. After the procedure, you do not need to wash your face, which makes it possible to immediately apply makeup foundation or nourishing cream.

Features of eye patch masks:

Save time. There is no need to lie down while applying the patch to your face. You can go about your normal activities without worrying about the mask smearing or moving.

Ease. Application does not require special skills or long waits. They do not need to be washed off.

Efficiency. Unlike most products, it does not require constant use. Has a fast effect.

What effect do the patches have? What are they made of?

The composition of many patches is quite similar. But what exactly do these rapid response products contain? And what effect do their components have?

Hydration. The presence of hyaluron and glycerin allows the components to penetrate deeply into the skin, moisturizing it. Also, these products remove excess moisture from the surface. This improves blood circulation and gives the skin an even color.

Lightening. Tartaric acid, which is part of the patches under the eyes, perfectly fights dark circles.

Regeneration. The oil contained in the patch, enriched with vitamins and panthenol, helps restore and strengthen.

Antioxidant action. The presence of extracts rich in vitamin E reduces the risk of tissue damage.

Skin rejuvenation. Potent components such as peptides and chemical compounds provide firmness and smooth out wrinkles.

Sticker patches are an alternative solution to many problems at once.

DIY eye patches

1. For wrinkles. Beat with a mixer or blender 2 tablespoons of natural yogurt without additives, 2 tsp. cane sugar and a teaspoon of almond oil. If the mass is too thick, add a little milk to it. Take regular cotton pads, soak them in the resulting mass and apply to the skin under the eyes for 15 minutes.

2. For swelling and circles. Pour hot water over one bag of green, mint and chamomile tea, after the tea leaves have cooled completely, remove the bags and put the infusion in the refrigerator. In the morning, place cotton pads soaked in the infusion under your eyes for 15 minutes.

3. For a cheerful look. Mix 2 tbsp. spoons of freshly brewed, but not hot coffee and 2 tbsp. spoons of heavy cream. Use the same as described above.

4. Ice milk for circles, irritation, swelling. Pour some ice into a cup of milk (it should be full-fat, you can replace it with cream) and wait until the milk becomes ice-cold. Pre-lubricate the skin under the eyes with a light cream or gel, then apply halves of cotton pads soaked in milk to the skin.

How to use eye patches?

The following rules for applying patches are relevant and universal for all types of patches, namely:

1. Cleanse the skin around the eyes. To do this, you can wash your face with warm water. Let it dry.

2. We apply the patches not very close to the eyes. We retreat from the lower eyelashes a couple of millimeters. We try to cover the problem area as much as possible.

3. Avoid folds under the patch. This can lead to wrinkles.

4. The procedure time will be from 15 to 30 minutes. Everything is individual.

5. After removing, apply eye cream.

6. Admire the effect.

Before gluing, conduct a session massage or exercise.

Allow the skin and muscles to rest for up to half an hour. And only after that stick the patches on the skin.

Many people use before applying products whey, claiming an enhanced effect. But it’s worth thinking about the fact that clogged pores will not give full results.

How often should I use eye patches?

As a rule, patches are used once. If you see the consequences of poor sleep or a hard work week appearing before your eyes, apply the patches once and they will give your tired skin a fresh look. The patches are designed to have an immediate effect. However, if you use this cosmetic product more often (3-4 times a week), it will have a cumulative effect and the overall condition of the skin will improve.

Patches under the eyes: reviews, review, instructions for use. Caring for the skin around the eyes

Around the eyes is the most delicate skin that needs special care and attention. There are practically no muscles and sebaceous glands in these areas, but they are subject to maximum stress: we often blink or squint, this area is involved in the expression of many emotions - from joy to sadness. It is “crow’s feet” and fine wrinkles that even young girls notice first and are already upset by the aging of their skin. To avoid such problems, you need to properly care for the skin around your eyes from the age of eighteen to twenty. How to do this and what products will help maintain the health and beauty of delicate areas of the skin?

Principles of skin care under the eyes

1. Mandatory makeup removal. Cosmetic cream, micellar water, and milk are suitable for removing makeup. When using waterproof cosmetics, you should choose special makeup removers, the so-called two-phase ones. Such products not only effectively remove makeup, but also moisturize the skin.
2. Regular gymnastics. For example, press the edges of your eyebrows with your fingertips and close your eyes, overcoming resistance. Stay in this position for about 5 seconds. Then remove your fingers and relax. It is enough to repeat the exercise only twice a day.
3. Nutrition and hydration. In addition to the basic nourishing eye cream, it is advisable to use special masks - patches for wrinkles under the eyes - once or twice a week.

Patches (applications) under the eyes

Translated from English, the word “patch” literally means “patch,” “software that is designed to fix problems or change the functionality of a program.” Cosmetologists liked the analogy with “reprogramming” the skin, and the word began to be actively used in modern cosmetology.

Plasters, patches for circles under the eyes, masks act quickly, but the effect does not last long. The main purpose of such cosmetics is to relieve puffiness and fatigue, quickly improve the appearance of the skin, get rid of bags, and hide fine wrinkles.

The patches look like a semicircular soft napkin soaked in a special product. One side of such a pad is covered with film or fabric, the other is covered with an adhesive composition with useful substances. With the adhesive side, these patches are applied to the skin under or above the eyes, depending on the purpose of use.

How do skin patches work?

The beneficial properties of the under-eye mask, which is sold in the still unusual form of patches or pads, are determined by the composition of the product. Patches are soaked in a special highly concentrated solution, which is rarely inferior in its effects to powerful moisturizing or anti-aging serums.

Most patches for bags under the eyes contain:

• hyaluronic acid, glycerin, collagen - these substances maintain optimal skin moisture, preserving natural beauty and health;
• antioxidants that provide rejuvenation and pronounced skin renewal;
• tartaric acid or coffee, which effectively improve blood microcirculation;
• various essential oils, plant extracts (aloe, chamomile and plantain) and patnenol as a soothing agent that improves the appearance of the skin and gives it a healthy glow;
• peptides and other substances that stimulate skin elasticity.

In more expensive products you can find an oligopeptide from hibiscus seeds, which relaxes muscles, protects cells from free radicals, and gives a pronounced Botox effect.

The fabric or film base itself is usually made from hydrogel (a gel-like substance containing a large number of useful components, for example, plant extracts) or non-woven fabric. Hydrogel patches are somewhat more effective than regular patches, but they are also more expensive.

Masks for skin care around the eyes are classified, as a rule, according to their intended purpose. So, they distinguish:

1. Moisturizing patches: very quickly saturate the skin with moisture and beneficial substances, such as plant extracts or a complex of vitamins. Such patches are best suited for thin skin, they visually smooth the skin and eliminate a network of wrinkles.
2. Smoothing: acts like Botox, briefly inhibiting the local transmission of nerve impulses. The composition of such products usually includes hyaluronic acid, collagen, colloidal gold, etc.
3. Nourishing: the effect of such patches is aimed at comprehensive skin health. Such patches are more expensive than regular ones; they contain extracts of medicinal plants, pearl powder, retinol, placenta, and so on.
4. Restoring and rejuvenating: maintain optimal water and fat balance, trigger mechanisms of rejuvenation and healing of the skin. The formula of such patches contains: collagen, peptides, caviar and algae extracts, ginseng.
5. Draining: used to reduce or completely remove swelling. You need to keep such masks a little longer than usual, about 20-30 minutes.

You need to choose patches depending on the expected effect. Collagen eye patches with peptides and antioxidants are suitable for removing facial wrinkles, and to relieve fatigue, it is better to use masks with essential oils and extracts of medicinal plants.

How to use eye masks

Applications with beneficial substances should be applied only to cleansed skin under the eyes. You need to leave the patches on for fifteen to twenty minutes or twenty to thirty minutes if the mask is draining and is used to relieve swelling. There is no need to keep the cosmetic product on longer: during this time, the patch manages to give the skin all the beneficial substances it contains. You need to remove the patches in the direction from the nose to the temples. After the procedure, you should not wash your face and it is advisable to apply a light eye cream with patting movements.

How often to use masks

Reviews of eye patches confirm that such masks give an instant effect. A mask with nourishing components begins to act immediately after application. So now the question of how to quickly remove circles under the eyes has the only correct answer: use patches. So if you notice that your skin is “tired”, apply a mask to restore your former radiant look.

For a longer lasting effect, you need to use patches regularly - once or twice a week. The effect of the masks will be cumulative, so the appearance of the skin will improve significantly. Patches are suitable for effectively smoothing out small wrinkles, but they cannot cope with deep ones. Of course, basic care in the form of eye cream is also important.

Contraindications for use

Many cosmetic products may or may not be recommended for use for various problems and skin types; contraindications, as a rule, are not directly stated. But masks based on non-woven material or hydrogel patches have very clear contraindications:

• the presence of open wounds, scratches, cuts and other damage at the site where the mask was applied;
• increased individual sensitivity or allergic reaction to some components of the patch.

If an allergy is detected after using the patches, you should consult a dermatologist. Some cases require additional therapy and diagnostics to find out the specific substance that caused the adverse skin reaction.

Before moving on to the best eye patches, it is worth mentioning the possibility of preparing a nourishing skin mask yourself. You need to prepare cosmetic discs and the composition for their impregnation: healthy products, aromatic oils, infusions of medicinal herbs, and so on.

Almost all reviews about homemade eye patches are positive, because you can always experiment with the composition and choose the ingredients that are most suitable for a particular skin. In addition, the use of homemade lotions is indicated for girls and women who are characterized by frequent allergic reactions to cosmetic products or increased individual sensitivity to certain components of purchased patches.

Sage decoction for aging skin

An anti-aging remedy to support aging skin can be prepared using sage decoction. Two tbsp. spoons of dry leaves should be poured with a glass of boiling water and left for ten minutes. Then the composition is divided into two parts: one is left warm, the other is cooled in the refrigerator.

One cosmetic disc is moistened either in cold or in warm broth, applying alternately every ten minutes. You need to start and end the procedure with a cold decoction. You can use such lotions 3-4 times a week, and the full course is one month.

Cucumber against aging and expression lines

A cucumber mask will help delay the first signs of skin aging. You need to mix three tbsp. tablespoons of cucumber juice (necessarily freshly squeezed) with a teaspoon of vitamin E and 2 teaspoons of chopped brown sugar. You need to dip half of a cosmetic cotton pad into the resulting mass, and then apply it under your eyes for 10-15 minutes, after squeezing it well. There is no need to wash your face after a cosmetic procedure.

Eliminating dark bags under the eyes

How to remove circles under the eyes using homemade patches? You need to brew one bag of mint, one bag of chamomile and one bag of green tea without flavorings and other additives, and a tablespoon of dry parsley with boiling water. The liquid must be strained and left in the refrigerator overnight.

You need to apply this home remedy for dark circles under the eyes in the morning. You need to moisten half of the cosmetic disc with the infusion and leave it on your eyes for twenty minutes.

Nourishing mask for dry skin

To moisturize and nourish dry skin, the following composition is suitable: one tbsp. a spoonful of honey, one teaspoon of cottage cheese, one teaspoon of olive oil. The eyes need to be covered with gauze, and the mask should be applied to it. After 15 minutes, you can wash off the mask with warm running water.

Oatmeal and milk for sensitive skin

Oatmeal mixed with hot milk will help irritated and very sensitive skin around the eyes. It is necessary to cool the resulting mass and place it on two cosmetic discs. Such patches are applied to pre-moisturized skin for fifteen minutes. Afterwards, you need to wipe the skin with a napkin soaked in chamomile infusion.

Recipe for puffiness and bags under the eyes

You need to prepare two gauze napkins of five layers, filling them with dill seeds. The bags need to be tied well and placed in boiling water for one or two minutes. Then you need to let the broth drain and the seeds cool. Cool gauze pads with dill seeds should be applied to the eyes for 20 minutes. The procedure can be carried out daily - then not only will the swelling disappear, but the bruises under the eyes will also appear to lighten.

Gel patches Konad Gel Eye Patch

Gel patches under the eyes primarily help refresh the skin after a busy day at work. Eliminating facial wrinkles is a secondary task of a cosmetic product. The result of use is visible after the first procedure: the skin under the eyes looks fresh and rested. With regular use, small wrinkles gradually disappear.

Collagen Eye Zone Mask Purederm

The cosmetic product contains vitamin E, green tea extract and plant collagen. The mask effectively moisturizes the skin, fights dark circles and tightens. Reviews of eye patches indicate that the effect of using a cosmetic product is cumulative. It is optimal to apply patches once a week, and not only when necessary.

Patch filler with hyaluronic acid microneedles

This patch is a real analogue of the procedure in the salon. The disc contains microneedles that not only pleasantly tingle the skin, refreshing it, but also deliver hyaluronic acid. Hydrogel patches from Librederm can be used not only to deeply moisturize and prevent aging of the skin under the eyes, but also in the nasolabial triangle or on the bridge of the nose.

Patches with microneedles should be left on the selected area overnight. Reviews of eye patches from Librederm say that there is an immediate result, but to consolidate the effect, it is advisable to take a course of 3-4 procedures. You need to use a cosmetic product if you already have wrinkles, but to prevent their appearance and provide daily care, it is better to choose another product.

Universal Secret Key Gold Racoony Hydro Gel and Spot Patch

Secret Key is a universal remedy in the fight for freshness, health and attractive appearance of the skin under the eyes. Cost - 1100-1300 rubles. Korean eye patches work well against fatigue, bruises and swelling, and smooth out shallow wrinkles. Secret Keys are hydrogel, so they are very convenient to use.

The cosmetic product contains gold, hyaluronic acid, extracts of aloe, rosemary and other beneficial herbs, collagen and so on. The mask is highly concentrated, in addition, the gold eye patches themselves conduct some beneficial substances well under the skin. The product really effectively tightens the skin.

By the way, it is Korean eye patches that are today considered the leaders among such cosmetic products. They are high quality, you can find Korean cosmetics at a budget price.

Instant results with Crystal Collagen Gold Powder Eye Mask

The mask is suitable if you need to get the ideal result “here and now”. Reviews of these eye patches confirm that the cosmetic product does not provide a lasting effect. The result is purely visual, but what else is needed if, half an hour before leaving for an important event or date, it turns out that fine wrinkles are very noticeable right now? In addition, the patches are affordable. Golden eye patches contain tartaric acid, vitamins A and E, and grape seed oil.

Reusable patches ESL Snail Nutrition Eye Hydro Gel Patch

ESL Snail Nutrition gel eye patches are designed for reusable use. You need to apply the mask every other day, leaving it on all night. These reusable eye patches tighten and cool the skin. The effect of use is short-term, but clearly visible externally, so the patches are suitable as a means of additional care.

Patches for restoring the skin around the eyes

Modern miracle masks have gained popularity as an instant relief from obvious wrinkles, giving the skin freshness and a natural, normal color. Their use around the sensitive eye area is no coincidence. The most delicate areas require special care. They are the ones that show signs of lack of sleep, fatigue and aging.

The express product maintains the effect for a short time, only for 8 hours. And this does not depend on what base is used for their manufacture. Both gel and fabric pads equally quickly and effectively affect the condition of the skin. The patches have a very strong composition, which is why they have such a strong effect:

• essential oils, vitamins;
• peptides;
• antioxidants;
• soothing extracts.

These SOS products help when you urgently need to refresh your face, remove dark circles and bruises around the eyes, and remove excessive puffiness. Some even help reduce redness of the eyeball itself, as they contain a sufficient amount of sedatives. Fine wrinkles also decrease or disappear altogether. This powerful cosmetic product deservedly enjoys the approval of its fans.

What types of cosmetic eye masks are there?

Naturally, the types of skin care products will differ in their effects. Their composition will also be different. They are impregnated only with those substances that should help with the problem indicated on the packaging. Therefore, before purchasing, carefully study the purpose of the patch.

The main disadvantage that can be observed with age is the loss of elasticity of the skin and the formation of wrinkles. Inherited or acquired small cracks do not look very aesthetically pleasing. You can fight them for a long time, but patches for the skin around the eyes against obvious wrinkles will help you quickly deal with them. Composition of these products:

• hyaluronic acid. The universal components are equally suitable for both girls and older ladies. There are special series that should be used after 50 years. Their advantage is maximum hydration and smoothing of facial tissues. Analogs of the substance arginine are able to lighten and remove pigmentation from the face;
• gold ions. Under the influence of metal, a natural restoration of the level of collagen occurs, which is responsible for the normal full elasticity of the skin after the first use. Gold patches include glycerin, vitamins C, B and E.

Quick, effective eye patches for the appearance of dark circles not only have the above properties, but also lighten the areas. Hard work or kidney-related diseases leave painful-looking bruises under the lower eyelid. And this is already a big problem. Therefore, the composition has a fairly strong effect:

• caffeine that restores blood circulation to cells;
• tonic mint oil;
• tartaric acid, whitening the dermis;
• vitamins enter the tissue thanks to lactic and fruit acids;
• Panthenol will have a calming, sedative effect.

Anti-edema, draining patches are rich in antioxidants. It is represented by vitamin E, which rejuvenates cells and prevents premature aging of the skin.

All instant action products have their own distinctive qualities. And you need to know about this. In addition to the individual effect, they also have a general effect that helps improve the skin of the epidermis. Here, too, there are types according to the nature of the direct impact:

• rejuvenating. Their goal is not only to visually correct deficiencies, but also to restore internal processes. The composition usually includes iodine-rich algae, collagen, coenzyme, ginseng extract;
• tightening or smoothing. Analogues of modern lifting procedures or the use of Botox. Under the influence of such masks, swelling decreases, facial expressions freeze, the skin becomes smoother and small wrinkles disappear. Ingredients: already known hyaluronic acid, ginseng root, aloe vera extract, sea caviar. Sometimes colloidal gold is added;
• moisturizing hydrogel. Overlays of this type often contain snail secretion, which copes well with microscopic changes in the skin;
• nourishing patches are saturated with vitamin A, known in dermatology as retinol. It is he who most effectively copes not with superficial, but with deep wrinkles, and prevents age-related changes in the skin. The composition is also complemented by pearl powder, minerals and vitamins, and placenta extract;
• Only drainage masks will help against severe swelling of the lower eyelids.

Knowing the exact purpose of each cosmetic product around the eyelids, you can easily decide. If you are not sure exactly which type is needed, there is always the opportunity to consult and clarify. When choosing a facial care product, always focus on the most problematic areas. Restoring them will be more difficult and longer.

Rules for independent use

A modern woman does not always have enough time to visit salons and spa treatments. And you really want to look rested, well-groomed and attractive. If there are preferences among manufacturers of masks for the skin around the eyelids, then you can use them without a cosmetologist. To do this, you must carefully read the instructions and basic rules of use:

• Before applying patches to the areas around the eye, take 20 minutes for a special lymphatic drainage massage.

To carry it out, it is necessary to cleanse areas of the face. Apply moisturizing cream or gel. Using the pads of both hands, we simultaneously outline the contours clockwise from the temple. After this, use the same touches to press on the eyelid area from the temple to the bridge of the nose. The following rotating movements cover the area above the eyebrow and the upper part of the cheekbone.

• if the patches have a base like hydrocolloid gel, do not forget to remove the protective layer;
• stick the patches at a distance of 3 mm from the level of the eyelashes of the lower eyelid;
• The duration of stay of the lining is indicated on the packaging and is provided for by the composition and the manufacturer. Often the time does not exceed 20 minutes;
• There is no need to wash off your face after use. If there are any particles of gel left, gently rub them near the eyes using light pressure movements;
• Some instructions recommend following with eye cream.

To prevent masks for the skin around the eyelids from losing their properties, store them in the refrigerator. It is recommended to use them 3 times a week, but no more. All important and necessary information is on the packaging. The so-called “golden” patches differ from others in their individual properties, price and duration of the procedure. Their exposure time is up to 45 minutes.

How to choose the best eye patches and where to buy them

Any cosmetic products can be purchased in online stores. Gel pads from the French brand “L’Action” for wrinkles, puffiness and bruises in the eye area are in demand. Vitamins E, A, tartaric acid, gelatin and ginseng root perfectly moisturize the skin, and if used once a week for a month, they get rid of fine wrinkles. 25 minutes and your face is completely fine.

The line of the Russian manufacturer of cosmetics Mirra, “Mirra Forming”, presents patches for eyelid care and promises intensive care, nutrition and elements against premature aging of the face. Gel patches have a lifting and spa effect. Apply for 30 minutes and remove easily. The components also perfectly emphasize its effectiveness: glycerin, rose essential oil, vitamin E, collagen, arginine and aloe flowers.

Hydrogel gold patches “Beautydrugs Black&Goldy”, which belong to the premium class. Their formula is a combination of unique black pearl extract, aloe, hyaluronic acid and colloidal metal, gold. A universal, effective product that can be applied not only around the eyes, but also in the area of ​​the nose and lips. It copes wonderfully with wrinkles, dark, unpleasant circles and swelling.

G-Derm patches reduce pores, lighten pigmentation, protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet rays, tighten contours, relieve puffiness and soothe the eyes. It is recommended to apply them for 30 minutes. Their gel base consists of a peptide complex, collagen, and hyaluronic acid. They combine the ability to moisturize and eliminate oily shine.

Petitfee Gold & EGF offers hydrogel masks containing colloidal gold, green tea extract, aloe vera flowers, ginseng and caviar. The uniqueness of these masks is that they promote the restoration and growth of full-fledged epidermal cells. In addition, they relieve problems with noticeable capillaries on the face and normalize the water-salt balance. Allow your skin to be elastic, look young and natural.

Making masks at home

Many people do not trust modern cosmetics and products. Moreover, the sensitive skin around the eyes requires special careful and gentle care. To be sure of the quality of the masks, you can prepare them at home. This does not require expensive components or special education of a cosmetologist. All you need to know is the correct recipe and possible allergic reactions to the ingredients.

Nutritious strawberry patches can be prepared from 3 berries crushed to a pulp, 1 teaspoon of honey and cream. The mixture is placed on previously prepared gauze pads. You should keep this mask for no more than 20 minutes. Wash off first with warm milk and then with water.

Herbal anti-aging. For it, you should first prepare a dry mixture of sage, chamomile, oregano and mint. It will be enough to take 1 teaspoon of each plant, which is poured with boiling water for 8 hours to obtain a mushy mass. To easily apply the medicinal composition, use chicken fat. After 30 minutes you can wash it off.

Asparagus composition will help against darkened lower eyelids. To do this, prepare fresh juice. 2 teaspoons is enough. Add olive and almond oil - 2 teaspoons each. You can apply it with a swab soaked in the extract.

Coffee masks will also be interesting. They are easy to prepare: freshly brewed coffee and cream, preferably full-fat. There should be 2 tablespoons of each component. We apply the same for 20-30 minutes. They calm you down and make your eyes expressive.

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Lack of sleep, smoking, poor diet and inactive life will first affect the condition of the skin around the eyes. To amaze others with her radiant gaze, she needs to be provided with competent care. For those who like to get quick results with a minimum of effort, the beauty industry is developing innovations that help maintain natural charm.

One of the most popular new products is eye patches for wrinkles. You can prepare them yourself or prefer branded versions, and they are recommended to be used as express care for the epithelium in the area of ​​the visual organs. Patches are used to eliminate skin imperfections and quickly regenerate them.

What are patches and their benefits

The patches around the eyes are shaped like rounded pads. One surface of the cosmetic product is covered with a hydrogel fabric, and an adhesive component is applied to the other. Patches are attached under the eyes to accelerate the restoration of tired skin.

The beneficial characteristics of the patches are due to the presence of active natural ingredients in their composition. They are saturated:

• Moisturizing substances - hyaluronic acid, collagen fibers and glycerin;
• Anti-aging agents – antioxidants;
• Components that activate blood supply to tissues - caffeine or tartaric acid;
• Panthenol, which optimizes the health and radiance of the skin;
• Peptides responsible for the elasticity of the epidermis.

The best anti-wrinkle eye patches contain a unique squeeze of hibiscus seeds, which provides results similar to Botox.

Cosmetic patches remove signs of fatigue and stress in a few minutes and have a positive effect on the skin:

Kinds

Typically, cosmetic patches improve the epidermis around the eyes for a short period. There are several variations of patches that differ in the duration of the effect, composition and effect on the skin:

1. Hydrogel patches dissolve under the influence of heat. Hyaluronic acid, which is their main component, moisturizes the skin, smoothing out fine wrinkles.
2. Fabric varieties contain a loading dose of collagen. The substance penetrates into the deep layers of the epidermis and restores elasticity and firmness to the skin.
3. Cosmetics with gold particles activate cellular metabolism and accelerate the renewal of the dermis. They have a cooling effect, eliminating blueness and puffiness under the eyes.
4. Patches with snail secretion extract are used as an anti-aging agent.

How to apply patches correctly

In order for new products to bring maximum benefit, you need to figure out how to use eye patches.

First you need to remove makeup and dry the skin. Cosmetic patches are placed under the eyes at a distance of a couple of millimeters from the lower eyelashes. It is important to ensure that skin folds do not form under the patches, otherwise the wrinkles will deepen and not smooth out. The pads stretch well and are easy to set to the desired shape.

The effect of the patches usually lasts 20-45 minutes, during which time you can go about your business. Then the patches are peeled off in the direction from the inner corner of the eye to the outer. The remaining active substances should be lightly patted into the skin with your fingers, after which you can apply eye gel.

Home Recipes

It's easy to make effective eye patches at home. To create micromasks, you need cotton pads and means for impregnating them, depending on the expected result.

1 recipe

For mature skin, sage infusion is suitable. 2 tablespoons of dried leaves of a medicinal plant are brewed with 250 ml of boiling water. One half of the broth is cooled in the refrigerator, the second is left hot. Tampons soaked in cold and heated solutions are alternately applied under the eyes for 10 minutes. The first and last cotton pad should be chilled.

The treatment course involves applying patches three times a week for a month.

2 recipe

A mixture of cucumber juice (3 tbsp), vitamin E (1 tsp) and crushed brown sugar (2 tsp) helps with fine wrinkles. Patches soaked in this composition are applied for a quarter of an hour.

3 recipe

For irritations and allergies, use a mask of oatmeal steamed with hot milk. The prepared mass is placed on a cotton pad and placed on the skin near the eyes moistened with water for 15 minutes.

4 recipe

To lighten dark circles, use an infusion made from green, mint and chamomile tea (1 bag each) and a tablespoon of parsley. The ingredients are poured with boiling water and infused overnight.

5 recipe

Eye patches at home can be made from raw potatoes. The product should be grated on a fine grater and mixed with flour and milk (a tablespoon each). Keep the mask for 20 minutes and rinse with cool water.

Contraindications

Cosmetic eye patches should not be used:

• In the presence of open skin lesions;
• With conjunctivitis;
• With rosacea;
• In case of allergy to active substances.

Patches are a real salvation for busy women, when they urgently need to get a spectacular look, but their skin looks tired.

With them, you don’t need to lie around waiting for the result, they don’t need to be washed off, and masking of skin imperfections and a radiant look are ensured in just a few minutes.

( 2007-02-05 )

The diff and patch commands are a powerful combination. They are often used to obtain the difference between the original files and the updated ones, so that other people who only have the original files can update them using the files that contain only the difference. This article shows the basic principles of using these commands.

This article uses, without explanation, some basic Linux commands such as changing directory, copying files, and editing text files.

Using diff to create a simple patch

The simplest example of using the diff command is to obtain the differences between two files, the original and the updated one. You can, for example, write a few words of plain text, make some changes, and save the changes to a second file. Now you can compare these two files using the diff command:

$diff originalfile updatedfile

Of course, you need to replace originalfile and updatedfile with the appropriate file names. The result should be something like this:

1c1< These are a few words. \ No newline at end of file --- >These still are just a few words. \ No newline at end of file

Please note: To demonstrate creating a simple patch, I used the original file containing the line "These are a few words." and a modified file containing the line "These still are just a few words." You can create these files yourself if you want to run the command from the article and get the same result.

1c1 shows the line number and what needs to be done with it. Note that there can be multiple lines at once (for example, 12,15, which means from line 12 to line 15). The character "c" means that the patch will replace this line. There are two other characters: "a" and "d". They mean “add” and “delete” respectively. So the syntax is: (line number or line range)(c,a or d)(line number or line range) although when "a" or "d" is used, one of the parts (line number or line range) may contain only one line number.

When "c" is used, the line numbers on the left are the lines in the original file that should be replaced by the lines that are in the patch, and the line numbers on the right are the lines that should be in the patched file.

When "a" is used, the number on the left can only be a single line number that shows where the line should be added in the patched file, and the line numbers on the right are the lines that should be in the patched file.

When "d" is used, the line numbers on the left are the lines that need to be removed to get a patched version of the file, and the line number on the right can only be a single line number, which shows where the lines in the patched file would be if they were not removed. You may think that the last number is not needed, but remember that the patch can be applied to restore the original file. This will be explained later.

Sign "<" означает, что патч должен удалить символы после этого знака, а знак ">" means that characters after this character must be added. When you need to replace lines ("c" between line numbers), you will see both characters: and "<", и ">". When you need to add a line ("a" between line numbers), you will only see a ">" sign, and when you need to delete a line ("d" between line numbers), you will only see a "<".

The line "\ No newline at end of file" appeared because I did not press enter after typing the words. It is considered good practice to end a text file with an empty line. Some programs require it to work. Therefore, this line appeared after the diff command was run. Let's add empty lines to the end of the files, and we'll get shorter output from the diff command:

1c1< These are a few words. --- >These still are just a few words.

As you may have noticed, I did not explain what the 3 "-" signs mean. They indicate the end of the lines that need to be replaced and the beginning of the lines that need to be replaced. Separating old and new lines. You will only see this sign when replacing ("c" between line numbers).

If we want to create a patch, we must put the output of the diff command into a file. Of course, this can be done by copying it from the console and pasting it into your favorite text editor, and then saving the file, but there is an easier way. We can use bash to pipe the output of the diff command to a text file:

$ diff originalfile updatedfile > patchfile.patch

Again, be sure to replace originalfile and updatedfile with the appropriate filenames. You probably know that bash's ">" option works with all commands. This is a very useful feature.

Applying a simple patch we created

We can use the patch we just created to get an updated one from the original file. To do this, you need to copy the original file and the patch to the same place. And then apply the patch:

$ patch originalfile -i patchfile.patch -o updatedfile

Naturally, here too you need to change the file names to the necessary ones. If everything went well, you should end up with a file identical to the updated one. You can verify this by using the diff command with the "-s" option:

$ diff -s updatedfile /updatefile

Replace the text between [ and ] with the path to the original file. For example, if the updated file that you used to create the patch is in a parent directory higher than the current one, then "" should be replaced with ".." (bash understands this as the parent directory of the current one). And of course you need to change the file names to the correct ones.

Congratulations! If diff reports that the files are identical, you have just successfully created and applied a patch! However, the patch format we just used is not the only one. We'll look at a different patch format in the next chapter.

Contextual patch

In the first chapter, we created a patch using the normal diff command format. However, this format does not provide context dependency, but rather uses entire strings. Let's create a patch for the same file, but using the context format:

$ diff -c originalfile updatedfile

The result will be as follows:

*** originalfile 2007-02-03 22:15:48.000000000 0100 --- updatedfile 2007-02-03 22:15:56.000000000 0100 *************** *** 1 * ***! These are a few words. --- 1 ---- ! These still are just a few words.

As you can see, the filename is included here. This means we won't have to type it while applying the patch. Next comes the date and time the file was last modified. line with 15 "*" shows the beginning of changes. They show what needs to be done with the next block of text. Two numbers 1 are line numbers (there can also be several lines at once), and "!" means that the lines need to be replaced. The line with "!" before the three "-" should be replaced by a second line with a "!" that comes after the three "-" (of course the ! itself will not be included; this is context format syntax). As you can see, there are no "c", "a" and "d" characters here. The action to be done is determined by the character at the beginning of the line. "!" means replacement. Other characters are "+", "-" and " " (space). "+" means add, "-" means delete, and " " means do nothing: the patch uses it to make sure it changes the right part of the file.

It is easier to apply this patch: under the same conditions as for the previous patch (we write the output of the diff command to a file, then copy the patch and the original to the same place), you need to run the following command:

$ patch -i patchfile.patch -o updatedfile

Now you may be thinking: why do we need to specify the name of the new file? This must be done because the patch tries to change an existing file, rather than create a new one. This is convenient when creating a patch for several files at once. This brings us to our next goal: creating a patch for the file tree. Let's look at this in the next chapter.

Getting differences between multiple files

The easiest way to get differences between several files is to put them in one directory and run the diff command on that entire directory. You can simply pass directory names instead of file names as parameters to the diff command:

$ diff originaldirectory/ updateddirectory/

Please note: If a directory has subdirectories, then the "-r" option must be used.

The result should be something like this:

Diff originaldirectory/file1 updateddirectory/file1
1c1< This is the first original file. --- >This is the first updated file. diff originaldirectory/file2 updateddirectory/file2 1c1< This is the second original file. --- >This is the second updated file. 14d13< We"re going to add something in this file and to delete this line. 26a26 >This is line has been added to this updated file.

Please note: I have created several example files. You can download an archive containing these files: .

As you can see, the normal format contains only file names and mutable strings.

Now we use the context format:

Diff -c originaldirectory/file1 updateddirectory/file1 *** originaldirectory/file1 2007-02-04 16:17:57.000000000 +0100 --- updateddirectory/file1 2007-02-04 16:18:33.000000000 +0100 ***** ********** *** 1 **** ! This is the first original file. --- 1 ---- ! This is the first updated file. diff -c originaldirectory/file2 updateddirectory/file2 *** originaldirectory/file2 2007-02-04 16:19:37.000000000 +0100 --- updateddirectory/file2 2007-02-04 16:20:08.000000000 +0100 ***** ********** *** 1.4 **** ! This is the second original file. S O --- 1.4 ---- ! This is the second updated file. S O *************** *** 11.17 **** C E - We"re going to add something in this file and to delete this line. S O --- 11, 16 ---- *************** *** 24.28 **** --- 23.28 ---- C E + This is line has been added to this updated file. Something will be added above this line.

The first thing you should have noticed is the increase in size; the context format contains more information than the normal format. This was not noticeable in the first sample because there was no context. However, now there is context, and due to it the patch size has increased. Also, you probably noticed that the file name is repeated twice. This is possibly done to make it easier to understand when the next file was patched or to provide better recovery.

Another way to get the difference between multiple files is to write a script that runs the diff command multiple times and appends the result to one file. We will not consider this method, since putting all the files in one directory is much easier.

Creating a patch was easy, but using directories poses the following problem: will the patch only change the corresponding files in the current directory, or will it use the corresponding path specified in the file? To find out, watch the next chapter!

Applying a patch to multiple files

In the previous chapter, we created a patch for several files using the following command:

$ diff -c originaldirectory/ updateddirectory/ > patchfile.patch

Please note: we use a contextual patch format as this is good practice.

Now you need to use the received patch. Copy the original directory and patch somewhere and apply the following command:

$ patch -i patchfile.patch

However, an error occurs that the files for the patch cannot be found. The command tries to find the file file1 in the current directory (by default the patch removes all paths before the file name). And of course there is no file, since we are trying to update the files in the originaldirectory. Therefore we must force the patch to use the full path. This is done as follows:

$ patch -p0 -i patchfile.patch

Note: You might think that you can simply navigate to the originaldirectory and run the patch. But that's not true! You shouldn’t do this: if the patch contains subdirectories, it will look for them in the working directory and will not find them, or will find the wrong ones. Use the "-p" option to force the patch to look for files in subdirectories.

The "-p" option tells the patch how many slashes (including what comes before them, usually directories) to strip before the file name (note that when using the "-p0" option, the patch will look for files in both originaldirectory and updateddirectory) .When we set it to 0, it means that there is no need to remove paths, but we can set it to 1 to remove the first slash, or 2 to remove two slashes, etc. This can be useful if the patch uses a different directory structure than yours. For example, if the patch uses the following directory structure:

(...) *** /home/username/sources/program/originaldirectory/file1 2007-02-04 16:17:57.000000000 +0100 --- /home/username/sources/program/updateddirectory/file1 2007-02 -04 16:18:33.000000000 +0100 (...)

You just need to count the number of slashes (/ (1) home/ (2) username/ (3) sources/ (4) program/ (5)) and pass this number to the "-p" option. If you use "-p5" the patch will look in both originaldirectory/file1 and updateddirectory/file1. Don't forget that the patch treats two slashes after each other (as in /home/username//sources) as one. This is because sometimes patch scripts add an extra slash between directories.

Restoring the original file from a patched one

Sometimes there is a need to restore the original file from a patched one. For example, if it contains an error. To do this, use the "-R" option:

$ patch -p0 -R -i patchfile.patch

Usually this operation goes through without errors and you get the original file. However, it is better to make a backup copy before restoring your files, just in case.

Unified format

There is another format for outputting differences with the diff command: unified format. It is more compact because it contains reduced context strings. However, it is only supported by GNU diff and patch. If you use it, you must be sure that the users for whom the patch is intended have the GNU patch. Linux allows this format.

The unified format is similar to the contextual one, but it is not the same thing. A patch in a unified format can be created like this:

$ diff -u originaldirectory/ updateddirectory/

The result will be as follows:

Diff -u originaldirectory/file1 updateddirectory/file1 --- originaldirectory/file1 2007-02-04 16:17:57.000000000 +0100 +++ updateddirectory/file1 2007-02-04 16:18:33.000000000 +0100 @@ -1 + 1 @@ -This is the first original file. +This is the first updated file. diff -u originaldirectory/file2 updateddirectory/file2 --- originaldirectory/file2 2007-02-04 16:19:37.000000000 +0100 +++ updateddirectory/file2 2007-02-04 16:20:08.000000000 +0100 @@ -1, 4 +1,4 @@ -This is the second original file. +This is the second updated file. S O @@ -11.7 +11.6 @@
C E -We"re going to add something in this file and to delete this line. S O @@ -24.5 +23.6 @@ C E +This is line has been added to this updated file. Something will be added above this line.

As you can see, the line numbers are enclosed between "@". Additionally, there is an extra space after the "+" or "-". This saves a few bytes. Another difference: in the unified format there is no special character for replacement. It simply removes old lines ("-") and adds new ones ("+"). The difference between these actions is that when replacing, the same line number is used, while when deleting and adding, different ones are used.

Comparison of formats

Reading about the three different formats, you probably wondered: which one to choose? Here's a little comparison:

Normal format is the most compatible. Any commands similar to diff/patch should understand it. Its disadvantage is the lack of context.

The contextual format is widely used, but not all teams understand it. Its advantage is the presence of context.

The unified format also includes context, and is more compact. But only GNU diff and patch supports it.

If you are sure that the patch will only be used by users with GNU diff/patch, then it is best to choose the unified format, as it is more compact. In most other cases, the contextual format is the best choice. The normal format should be used if you are sure that the user will apply the patch with commands that do not support the context format.

Changing the number of context lines

It is possible to force the diff command to include fewer lines of context in a patch than it should. In large patches this can greatly reduce its size. However, if you reduce the number of context lines, this may cause the patch to not work. Quoting from the GNU diff help: "For most operations, there should be at least two lines of context in the patch."

You can specify the number of content lines in several ways:

If you want to use the context format, you can combine these instructions by adding "-C" to the option. Example:

$ diff -C 2 originaldirectory/ updateddirectory/

The previous command will use the context format with two context lines.

If you want to use the context format, you can combine these instructions by adding "-U" to the option. Example:

$ diff -U 2 originaldirectory/ updateddirectory/

The previous command will use a unified format with two context lines.

If you do not specify which format you want to use, the command will look something like this:

$ diff -2 originaldirectory/ updateddirectory/

However, this will only work if you define the format. You need to use this option with either "-c" or "u".

Final words

Although this article describes many of the features of the diff and patch commands, it cannot cover all of their capabilities. If you want to know more about these commands, you can read the help page on these commands and