Social protection system for the elderly and disabled. Social policy regarding older people is based on three areas: social protection, social assistance and social services. Social policy in the interests of older people 2 Modern

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Introduction

1.2 Modern scientific approaches to the study of social protection of older people
2.1 Management system for social protection and services for older people
2.3 Ways to improve social protection of the elderly population
Conclusion
List of sources and literature
Introduction

According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, every citizen is guaranteed “social security by age, in case of illness, disability, loss of a breadwinner, for raising children and in other cases established by law.” This means that the state undertakes obligations to contribute to the preservation and extension of the full life of an elderly person and recognizes its duty to him. To implement full-scale functions of social assistance, support and social security, the Russian Federation has a social protection system, for the functioning of which budget funds are allocated. The entire working population, the entire society as a whole, supports elderly and old fellow citizens. Social protection of the elderly finds concrete expression in the system of benefits for housing, medicines, travel, basic necessities for the elderly, veterans and disabled people, the provision of a state old-age pension, etc.

In the last decade, inpatient institutions for the elderly have been actively renewed: boarding homes and gerontological centers. A system of day-care hospitals for pensioners has emerged. Residential multi-storey buildings are being built, in which only elderly and old people move in. Social mutual aid clubs for the elderly have become more active. The fear of loneliness and the loss of many industrial and friendly contacts lead to the fact that many retirees take part in organizations based on age groups in order to regulate both within and outside this socio-demographic group.

State social policy dictates the targeting of social assistance and strives to transform an elderly person into a subject of social protection.

Activity can manifest itself in any area of an older person’s life. Specialized institutions and centers for older people help organize this activity. prevention of aging, including premature aging, preservation of labor, educational and creative activity.

The International (Vienna) Plan of Action on Ageing, adopted at the World Assembly on Aging in Vienna and approved by the UN General Assembly in 1982 (resolution 37/51), predicts that by 2010, 13.7% of the population will be older and older people. population of the Earth.

This means that a lot of people of working age will be employed in the field of social protection of older people. Therefore, it is necessary to educate and prepare a large number of specialists in the social sphere: social workers, social managers. In addition, most specialists working in the social sphere must realize that they work with older people, therefore, willy-nilly, they direct social processes, and it is better to do this consciously and competently.

At the present stage of development of state social assistance, the central point is not the preservation of the physical life of an elderly person (in this matter the state pursues an unambiguous social policy), but the maintenance of his social, labor, educational and creative activity. Thus, social protection turns into a system of social rehabilitation measures, which must be guided by professional management methods.

Studying the features of social work with older people and developing effective methods for increasing social activity is an urgent scientific and practical task, which is the subject of this final qualifying work.

The object of this work is the institution of social protection of older people in the Russian Federation.

The subject is the management of social protection processes for elderly and old people in the Russian Federation.

In outlining the subject of the work, we set ourselves a problem, a basic question: how are management, professional management of social protection processes and the personal development of an elderly person connected?

As a result, the research hypothesis is formulated as follows: effective management in the field of social protection is a factor in increasing the social activity of elderly and old people.

The purpose of the final qualifying work is to assess the features and effectiveness of social protection for older people in the Russian Federation by studying the experience of managing their social protection system.

Achieving the goal of this work is possible by solving the following tasks:

To study the theoretical and methodological foundations of research into the problems of social protection of elderly and old people;

Analyze the legislative framework regulating the processes of social assistance, provision, support and protection of older people;

Analyze and summarize the empirical experience of specific forms, methods, technologies for managing social protection of older people;

Develop new ways and means of increasing the efficiency of social rehabilitation and increasing the social activity of older people, using the management reserves of the social protection system.

1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for studying social protection of older people

1.1 Historical aspects of the development of social protection of older people in Russia

The social norm of caring for the elderly has been known since the times of Ancient Rus'. Community-tribal forms of help and support are associated with paganism and the tribal space inseparable from it, the main expression of which was mutual responsibility. It was in the ancient pagan era that the foundations of the tradition of caring for the weak and infirm, old and small were laid. In particular, the institution of elders was formed and developed. E.G. Lozovskaya, E.S. Novak and V.G. Krasnova write: “The forms of support for the elderly are different. The community allocated a special plot of land for the elderly - a “joint” - for making hay. Or a decrepit old man was assigned to stay with one or another member of the community. Elderly people settled near the community, in churchyards, built cells for themselves and lived off alms.” The term “orphan” then applied to both young children left without parents and the elderly. In the communal consciousness, both were drawn closer together on the basis of status and income. What is interesting is that “helping relationships within the community exist as a social responsibility. This is not alms to the weak and is due by unwritten law.”

In the Middle Ages, with the establishment of Christianity, social assistance became multi-subject. Community assistance continued to play a major role, private philanthropists did a lot, the state established social protection and assistance, but “the church becomes the main element of the social assistance system, the dominant entity that determines its character in a given specific historical period.” The main mechanism of social assistance is alms, meeting the needs of both the giver and the receiver. Therefore, the relationship of alms, beneficial for both parties, is constantly reproduced. They can be called the institution of almsgiving. “Christianity uses the institution of alms as a mechanism of mutual assistance and redistribution of social wealth, a new form of voluntary-compulsory formation of social assistance resources.”

In the 18th century, Peter 1 pursued a policy of subordinating the church to the state and, according to his decrees, state charity began to actively develop, including for old, infirm people. For example, on his orders, old men no longer fit for military service were assigned to almshouses. Under Anna Ioanovna, elderly widows could live out their lives in monasteries. Curiosities also happened. For example, “Anna Leopoldovna, by decree “On the admission of beggars to St. Petersburg,” left in the city only elderly and old beggars who themselves could not reach the monasteries.”

At the beginning of the 20th century, the prestige of old age, built with the help of the Russian monarchy, began to crumble. “The situation of the elderly has deteriorated significantly throughout Europe, and has become contrary to the principles of the development of modern civilization.” In 1917, the Soviet Government had little time for old people. In 1918, the People's Commissariat of Social Security was created. A class approach in the provision of all types of social assistance, including old-age pensions, is beginning to take shape. The stabilization of pension payments began only in the early 1930s. In 1956, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted a law on state pensions. The beginning of universal state pension provision was laid.

During the years of “stagnation”, the main principles of social security were: universality of social security and social protection, variety of types of services, provision at the expense of state and public funds. Now old people remember the stability of that time as a “socialist paradise.” A certain illusion of equality does not leave the consciousness of older people. It is not so much the financial side of the life of an elderly person of that time that matters, but the confidence in the support of the state, supported by moral standards of attitude towards old age.

In the early 90s, social protection, social security and social support for old and elderly people were formalized in a variety of laws.

The legal system of the Russian Federation consists of legislative, regulatory and other acts that protect the rights and interests of the country's citizens, including elderly citizens.

Social protection of older people in Russia is regulated by legal documents, which can be divided into three groups of norms:

Rules that establish the rights of all citizens regardless of age, including those that are especially significant for older people. “These include norms prescribed in many legislative acts (the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the Family Code of the Russian Federation, the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, the Fundamentals of Legislation of the Russian Federation on the protection of the health of citizens, federal laws “On the Fundamentals of Federal Housing Policy”, “On the basics of social services for the population in the Russian Federation”, “On state social assistance”, “On burial and funeral business”, “On internally displaced persons”, “On refugees”, “On charitable activities and charitable organizations”, “On public associations” " and etc.)".

Rules directly related to the rights of older people and the responsibilities of the state, non-state actors and family corresponding to these rights. This group includes, first of all, “pension legislation and the Federal Law “On Social Services for Elderly Citizens and Disabled People.”

Norms regulating the situation of special categories of older people (veterans, Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor, repressed and subsequently rehabilitated citizens, etc.). The most significant in this group are the federal laws “On Veterans” and “On the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression.”

Both federal and local legal acts are developed taking into account the main international documents (Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948; UN Principles for Older Persons “Making a fulfilling life for older persons”, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1991 ; Declaration on Aging adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1992; European Social Charter signed by member states of the Council of Europe in 1961 and the Revised European Social Charter opened for signature in 1996; Charter for Older Persons adopted by the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of States - CIS participants on June 15, 1998). As well as the experience gained in a number of countries (Great Britain, Germany, Sweden, etc.) in solving the problems of the older generation.

Social protection of old people in the Russian Federation is implemented at the state (federal) level and regional (local) level. “In recent years, various non-state public structures have emerged; carries out coordination and consistency of actions of state and public organizations. The Coordination Committee, created on the basis of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of August 5, 1991, then the Department for Elderly Affairs was organized in the Ministry of Social Protection.” With the adoption of the Convention for the Development of Social Services in the Russian Federation on August 4, there was a transition to the social protection system adopted in European countries. The elimination of the causes of the decline in the level of well-being of citizens and the provision of individual assistance should have been facilitated by social service activities through a system of various services. The main forms of their activities: financial assistance, home assistance, hospital care, provision of temporary shelter, advisory assistance, social patronage, social rehabilitation and adaptation, social assistance.

In 1994, the Department of Social Protection was opened within the Ministry of Social Protection by decision of the Government. Rehabilitation in social protection institutions, in particular in gerontological centers discussed in this work, is organized by the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation.

1 .2 Modern scientific approaches to the study of social protection of older people

In the scientific literature concerning the problems of the elderly population, three main positions can be distinguished that determine the directions of research and methods of social policy:

The elderly are disadvantaged people in need of social security;

Older people represent significant human potential who can and should be involved in a socially active life;

This position is socially disapproved and is therefore rarely expressed openly. It only appears when discussing social policy: older people are the social ballast of society, slowing down reforms.

An interesting study revealing the image of an elderly person in the minds of modern Russians and the degree of their approval of social policy directions was conducted by A.V. Pisarev. “Two groups of characteristics are presented, one of which corresponds to the “cared for”, the second to the “socially active” image of the elderly. In general, it can be stated that the features of the “protected” image prevail in the views of the respondents. This applies to assessing the state of health, the degree of professional adaptation, and satisfaction with life in general. The socially active image of the elderly is based on an assessment of the level of education of this group. A significant proportion of respondents perceive the elderly population as a heterogeneous cohort, which is almost impossible to judge as a whole.”

The first approach, “Older people are disadvantaged people,” corresponds to social theories of aging:

1) Theory of naming and marginality. She represents old age as a state of deviance. “Younger members of society view members of the older generation as useless, marginal, and having lost their former abilities, self-confidence, and sense of social and psychological independence. The main characteristic feature of old age is passivity. Therefore, the able-bodied and active part of society should develop social programs to improve the lives of passive old people.”

2) the theory of age stratification. Proponents of this theory view society as a collection of age groups that have age-related differences in abilities, role functions, rights and privileges. “Social-gerontological analysis determines the place of elderly and old people in the system of social stratification. Most old people do not participate in systems of power and influence, and thus have no control over themselves or others. They lose such a characteristic of stratification as prestige, since the latter is usually associated with the main field of occupation, and old age is inevitably associated with dismissal.”

The second approach, representing an older person as “significant human potential,” corresponds to the following theories:

1) Activity theory. Proponents of this theory believe that normal aging requires maintaining social contacts and activity. Upon the onset of old age, a person must retain the same desires and needs as in middle age. “Aging is understood as the ongoing struggle to maintain middle age, as a new lifestyle that encourages constant activity, a sense of responsibility for one’s own personality and state of mind.”

2) Theory of development and continuity of life path. This theory presupposes knowledge of the life path of an elderly person preceding old age in order to prepare for acquiring and performing new social roles and functions. “Normal, “successful” aging is possible only with versatile adaptation to new conditions and maintaining the previous position in several areas of activity at once.”

The third approach, “An elderly person is a social ballast,” corresponds to the liberation theory, which argues that aging is the destruction of social ties and preparation for death. “The process of “social withdrawal” is characterized by the loss of social roles, limited social contacts, weakening commitment to social values, withdrawal into oneself... This theory is immoral and provides moral grounds for excluding older people from active activities.”

In addition, there are known theories of subculture that represent old age as a special subculture. J. Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism states that “the human “I” is inherently social and is formed in the course of social interaction.” This means that an elderly person adapts to youth, to changes in society, to the very state of old age. And society must adapt to the old man as to “our own old age.” And it is still unknown who has it more difficult. Elderly people have been adapting for centuries, but this is the first time that society has seriously faced this problem. And it turned out that we were not ready for this.

Of greatest interest, according to E.I. Holostov, the concept of selective optimization of the life activity of older people with compensation for social shock absorbers deserves. According to this concept, the social policy strategy in organizing social work with older people consists of three elements: selection, optimization and compensation. Selection involves searching for the basic components of an elderly person’s life that have been lost with age. Optimization is that an elderly person, with the assistance of a social work specialist, finds new reserve opportunities for himself, optimizing his entire life. Compensation consists of creating additional sources that compensate for age-related limitations in the adaptive process, using new modern mnemonic techniques and technologies that improve memory, compensate for hearing loss, etc.

The deployment of practice according to this theory can lead to the implementation of a new model of old age. This model is described in detail in the work of E.I. Kholostovoy, V.V. Egorova and A.V. Rubtsov "Social gerontology". The conceptual views of the world community on a new model of old age, the place and role of older people in society are expressed in the UN principles regarding older people, which were adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1991 (resolution 46/91) and supplemented in later periods.

According to this model, the decline in the working-age population will not lead to a “peak dependency ratio” until 2020. Modern society has enough time to adapt to changes in the demographic situation and find solutions adequate to the problem. Changes in the age structure of society are not the main problem. Economic, political, environmental, etc. problems are much more serious.

The new model of old age takes into account steady technical and technological progress. The current nature of work and labor relations cannot simply be transferred into the future. By the time society ages significantly, technologies and labor techniques will change, and labor itself will change. Older people will find it easier to work.

The argument of opponents of the new old age model about the future degradation of society, especially in the socio-economic sphere, also seems unfounded. By and large, it is young people who are more dependent in political, economic and social relations than older people who have stable views on life and realistic financial needs.

The new old age model rejects the unproven link between economic activity and vigor in young people, as well as the link between the ability to make effective decisions and young age.

The latest research by social gerontologists shows that if you skillfully approach the problem of retraining older workers, then the elderly will not be inferior in many respects to the young.

All stereotypes regarding the work of older people have developed over many centuries in the context of the development of production. They are reflected in modern management. Employers, especially entrepreneurs, often seek to replace an older worker not because he has become worse at work, but because he knows his worth, claims fair and timely payment, and has the habit of considering orders and instructions from his superiors.

It is also impossible to automatically transfer the experience of economic turmoil and unemployment of past years into the future. The problem of early retirement or a mandatory age limit, which exists in some countries, will be resolved positively for older people who are willing and able to work, since the possibilities for manipulation in the labor market will be reduced.

Medical research in recent years shows that the problem of ill health among older people has been greatly exaggerated. On the contrary, older people are becoming healthier than previous generations of older people.

All of the above reflects a new view of old age, and indicates that, despite the increasing proportion of the elderly population, society will not be burdened with this burden.

1.3 Basic principles and mechanisms of social protection and services for the elderly population

The basic principles of constructing a new model of aging are collected in five groups:

the principles of the “independence” group imply that older people should have access to basic goods and services, the opportunity to work or engage in other types of income-generating activities, maintain opportunities for vocational training, etc.

the principles of the “participation” group reflect issues of older people’s involvement in society and active participation in the development and implementation of policies affecting their well-being;

The principles of care address issues of care and protection from family and community, access to health care in order to maintain or restore optimal levels of physical, mental and emotional well-being and prevent disease. This group includes the ability to enjoy full respect, human rights, decisions regarding care and quality of life;

the principles of the group “realization of inner potential” call for older people to have opportunities to fully realize their potential;

the principles of the “dignity” group address issues of avoiding exploitation, physical or psychological violence, etc.

The affirmation of these principles has not only social, but also diverse economic, medical and psychological consequences.

The economic consequences include a preliminary comprehensive study and a general course towards using the labor potential of older people. “Using the potential of older people is a certain basis for further development, since as a result, society has additional resources, and older people have the opportunity for self-realization. It is important that when developing management decisions, they are based on a hypothesis that takes into account the motivation of older people associated with the desire to work and the creation of conditions for the possible use of their potential.”

Medical consequences include a general course on preventing aging by medical means and medical and social rehabilitation. It is not so much the treatment of senile diseases that matters, but a set of measures aimed at maintaining mental and physical activity and longevity. At the same time, the elderly person himself is responsible for the ways of his aging. “Each person chooses and develops his own way of aging.”

The psychological consequences include a detailed study and consideration in social interaction of the individual psychological and socio-psychological characteristics of older people. It is obvious that dementia processes change the psyche of an elderly person and it is necessary to slow them down by all means. For example, “in the intellectual sphere - the emergence of difficulties with acquiring new ideas and adapting to unforeseen circumstances. In the emotional sphere, there is a gradual weakening of the controlling and inhibitory function of the cerebral cortex, which entails the manifestation of certain character traits and temperament, which in young years were to some extent kept in check and masked, but in old age they became more noticeable.” It is obvious that it is necessary to combat the loneliness of an elderly person and suicidal tendencies as psychological problems. The socio-psychological consequences include the tendency to humanize society’s attitude towards old people through the establishment of new norms of social relationships with them. For example, the problem of gerontological violence still remains a serious problem. “An important root cause of the fact that a significant part of the elderly, elderly people find themselves in the position of outcasts, not needed by either the family or society, and about whom the state, parties, churches, various kinds of trustees and philanthropists, and other attributes of the so-called civil society do not care, is widely widespread dehumanization of society, which to one degree or another has captured all social strata; decline in morality, immorality. Figuratively speaking, the gene of humanity has weakened.”

Mechanisms of social assistance at the present stage are characterized by targeting (social assistance is provided specifically to citizens in need) and guarantee (mandatory provision of assistance to older people). The most common form is “a team form of assistance - this is a comprehensive service with the provision of social and medical services.”

Social assistance and moral and psychological support are provided as part of social services. Social services are regulated by the Law “On Social Services for Citizens, the Elderly and Disabled People.” Social services for older people are provided

in non-stationary forms (at home);

in semi-stationary forms (day and night departments, rehabilitation centers, medical and social departments);

in stationary forms (boarding houses, boarding houses, gerontological centers, special residential buildings for the elderly).

In social practice, Integrated Social Service Centers, boarding homes and gerontological centers have proven themselves well. The current trend is expressed in the fact that “in parallel and simultaneously with home-based services, low-capacity hospitals are being opened for single elderly people and disabled people - Homes for the Elderly.” For example, at the moment in the Nizhny Novgorod region there are “60 specialized institutions for the elderly: 9 psychoneurological boarding schools, 50 general boarding houses and one home for war and labor veterans.” Special residential buildings with enhanced social and medical services are also an expression of productive modern trends in social services. “They consist of one or two-room apartments and include a complex of social services, a medical office, a library, a dining room, a laundry or dry cleaning service, and premises for cultural leisure and work activities.”

A very interesting and modern, rapidly developing area of work with the elderly population is the creation of a network of public clubs for older people. “As many years of practice have shown, participation in social clubs and interest groups brings a lot of interesting and useful things to older people. For many older people who want to spend their free time productively, this is a kind of “window to the world.” The purpose of the clubs is to satisfy the various spiritual needs of older people.

Gerontological centers provide social services to the elderly population, mainly in an inpatient setting. “Gerontological centers are new types of social service institutions for elderly citizens, providing geriatric care, the emergence of which is due to the growing number of elderly citizens and centenarians in need of enhanced medical care.” The gerontological center of the social protection system of the Volgograd region was created “with the aim of extending active longevity and maintaining a satisfactory life potential” for older people. The following departments are being created in the Gerontological Center: functional diagnostics, medical and social rehabilitation, permanent residence department, temporary residence department, mercy department, organizational and methodological department. The main strategy of any gerontological center, and Volgograd. This includes preserving vitality and longevity through comprehensive rehabilitation. “Geriatric rehabilitation is understood as a part of rehabilitation science that aims to preserve, maintain, restore the functioning of elderly and old people and strives to achieve their independence, improve the quality of life and emotional well-being.” Geriatric rehabilitation is inseparable from social and psychological rehabilitation. Sometimes they single out a separate component of social rehabilitation, meaning by this the active inclusion of an elderly person in social life, sometimes they talk about medical and social rehabilitation, thereby emphasizing the unity of medical and social approaches, they often use the terms “psychological rehabilitation” and “medical and psychological rehabilitation”, emphasizing the psychological component of the recovery process. The World Health Organization recommends considering five main aspects of assessing the functional status of older people: activities of daily living, mental and physical health, social and economic status. It is the functional state, and not a variety of medical diagnoses, that determines the independence and dignified life of an elderly person.

Back in 1973, UN General Assembly Resolution No. 3137 of December 14 drew the attention of states to the need to develop rehabilitation programs for the elderly. Since 1973, opportunities for medical and social rehabilitation have been intensively studied, since there are real prerequisites for it. “Talking about the prerequisites for rehabilitation, there is a high degree of loneliness, melancholy and isolation among the elderly. At the same time, they are able not only to work, but also to learn and adapt to new conditions.”

The rehabilitation concept is fundamental for gerontological centers. “Its organizational principles include:

man is a psychosomatosocial unity;

rehabilitation is a methodological complex focused on human problems;

“holistic” effect on the body;

Use of proven methods from natural sciences and humanities;

Team method of work in socio-medical rehabilitation with the active participation of the elderly person himself.”

Briefly summarizing all of the above, we can draw conclusions from Chapter 1:

In the historical aspect, the development of social protection and social assistance has gone through the stages of community-tribal forms, church forms, state forms, developed state systems;

At the present stage, there are three types of scientifically based approaches to the problems of older people:

1) The elderly are disadvantaged people in need of social security;

2) Elderly people represent significant human potential, which can and should be involved in a socially active life;

3) Elderly people are the social ballast of society, slowing down reforms.

The key point of the new old age model is to prolong life and maintain social and economic activity of older people;

The relationship between an elderly person and society unfolds mainly in the areas of social protection, social assistance, and social services. They are the main mechanisms for implementing state social policy regarding older people;

When working with older people, a complex method is used - medical and social rehabilitation.

2. Managing the processes of social protection and services for older people (using the example of Volgograd)

2.1 Management system for social protection and services for the elderly

Social policy regarding older people is based on three areas: social protection, social assistance and social services. Social protection is a complex of economic, social and legal guarantees for elderly and senile citizens. For example, social protection of disabled people, among whom the majority of elderly and senile citizens is defined as “a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide disabled people with conditions for overcoming, replacing (compensating) limitations in life and aimed at creating equal opportunities for them with other citizens participation in the life of society." “Social assistance is provision in cash or in kind, in the form of services or benefits provided taking into account the social guarantees legally established by the state for social security.” Social services are a set of social services that are provided to elderly and senile citizens at home or in specialized state or municipal institutions. “Social services for elderly and disabled citizens are activities to meet the needs of these citizens for social services.”

Social protection is implemented through prevention and rehabilitation, aimed at preserving the well-being of an old person by reducing risk factors; through support, which is the help older people need to maintain the highest possible level of independence; and through representation, i.e. protecting the interests of old people declared incompetent on their behalf to provide the necessary assistance. Social protection at the strategic level is the direction of state social policy in relation to older people. Its peculiarity at the present stage is the transfer of the center of gravity directly to places (targeting, “precinct principle”). These can be either social protection and social service institutions, or the family of an elderly person. A regulation on a territorial social service has been adopted, which is intended to provide immediate measures aimed at temporarily supporting the life of elderly and old citizens in dire need of social protection.

Social protection and social services are implemented at the state, municipal levels and in the non-state social service sector.

The public sector consists of government bodies for social protection and social services of the Russian Federation, bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as social protection and social service institutions that are federally owned and owned by constituent entities of the Russian Federation. These include the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, Ministries of the Subjects of the Federation, Regional Departments of Social Protection of the Population, etc. The Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center is federally subordinate and belongs to the public sector of social protection and social services.

The municipal sector of social protection and social services includes authorities for social protection and social services and municipal institutions providing social services. For example, municipal social service centers, boarding houses for elderly citizens and disabled people of municipal subordination, etc.

The non-state sector of social services unites institutions by form of ownership that are neither state nor municipal, “as well as persons engaged in private activities in the field of social services.” This sector includes, for example, public associations, professional bodies, charities and religious organizations.

High-quality services for older people are impossible without an effective system of social management, built according to the dictates of the times. “Time has urgently raised the question of overcoming technocracy in management. This applies equally to economic management and to management of the social, political, and spiritual spheres. Life itself demanded the “humanization” of management.” World practice gives preference to the social management system when working with older people. In Russia, social management is just beginning to unfold. For successful management, special personnel are needed - managers in the social sphere. The need for social management is associated with the effectiveness of the implementation of management functions, which consist of “a targeted influence on the connections and relationships of people in the process of life of society and their management.” The functions of social management have been studied extensively by various scientists and practitioners, from Taylor and M. Weber to modern researchers of this rapidly developing area of management in Russia.

Frolov S.S. provides the following information about the functions of the management body in A. Fayol’s system:

Planning, which involves the formation of goals, the creation of samples and standards;

Organization, which involves the creation of the management structure of the organization itself, ensuring the implementation of power relations;

An order stipulating that managers present demands to subordinates and distribute responsibility;

Control as the final result of management activities.

Since the time of A. Fayol, researchers have been adding to this list. For example, according to M.V. Udaltsova, currently a lot of attention is paid to stimulating and motivating social workers and people under their care in a social institution. Continuous or periodic training plays an important role. No management is now conceivable without the process of coordination and regulation in the social sphere. At lower levels of management, the coordination function, along with motivation, is the main one. In addition to official structures, in any organization there is a system of relationships, which is characterized by an informal organizational structure, consisting of a whole network of relationships that arise between employees in informal groups, at the interpersonal level. “This is the object of special attention of social managers, who are, as it were, specialists in the field of social design, creating optimal options for formal and informal structures.”

Features of social management in working with older people are:

a comprehensive approach to the work and leisure of an elderly person, involving the organization of close interaction between different specialists;

taking into account the age-psychological characteristics and social status of an elderly person;

implementation of the institution’s mission as assistance in rehabilitation, maintaining social activity, prolonging the life of an elderly person;

organizing the efforts of each specialist of the institution as an element in an integral system of social assistance;

specific motivation of mercy for each employee of a social institution for the elderly, regardless of status and position.

Taking these features into account allows us to strive for results-based management. This modern type of management is based on the understanding that “The main task of a manager is to achieve results. Their achievement involves the continuous repetition of the basic elements of the management process - planning, implementation of plans and control. The main stages of the results-based management process are the results determination process, the situational management process and the results control process.”

The state of social work in Russia raises the question of the suitability of professional social workers for their positions. For example, a study carried out by I.F. Albegova, revealed “a discrepancy between what is and what should be: social workers see their clients and the work itself as a means to realize their problems, while the center of professional motivation should be the client.” Therefore, the processes of training and recruiting personnel to carry out certain programs or projects become especially important for the manager. “In the information and communication side of social work, it is important to observe one of the main principles - a positive orientation. When working with clients and wards, it is necessary to increase the emphasis on the positive things that exist in their life situation and what cooperation with social services can bring.” In addition to a positive outlook on the elderly, it is necessary to develop a creative approach and creative thinking among staff. This is caused, first of all, by the novelty of the professional tasks being solved as a component of social work. “Teaching the processes of creative thinking and problem solving, eliminating interference, developing imagination, and training in individual and group problem solving helps develop the creative abilities of the participants in the training, or at least teach them how to better use their potential abilities.”

2.2 The main reasons and social consequences of elderly people turning to a gerontological center (rehabilitation experience in the Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center)

An elderly person has many problems that come with age. The main problem of an elderly person can be called health. It is known that “the incidence rate among older people is 2 times, and in old age - 6 times higher than among young people. These are chronic diseases (articular, cardiovascular, etc.), hearing loss, vision loss, and orthopedic problems. The cost of treatment for the elderly is 1.5 - 1.7 times higher than for the younger population.” Often, an elderly person’s illnesses are so serious that he can no longer care for himself and needs medical care around the clock.

An important problem is loneliness, characterized by narrowness, or even lack of social contacts. In old age, such emotional lack of involvement appears for tragic reasons: the death of a spouse, long-term illness, cessation of professional and social activities.

Material security, or rather insecurity, forms the basis for the constant anxiety of an old person. Often it is no longer possible to plan expenses, “scarve out” funds for the most necessary things, or think about financial support for one’s own funeral.

“A characteristic feature of the psychological state of old age is the ever-present subconscious premonition of an imminent death.” This raises several issues related to end of life. Elderly people are at risk for suicidal intentions. “Suicidal tendencies reach their climax only in old age. Even the decrease in the number of suicides, noted quite often at the age of 80, besides being very insignificant and not at all of a general nature, is only of relative importance, since 90-year-olds take their own lives no less often, and sometimes more often than 70-year-olds.” Many of them are interested in the problems of euthanasia. This cannot but affect the professional activities of social workers. There is a certain attitude towards euthanasia in society. For example, in the Republic of Kazakhstan, which bears a significant imprint of Russian culture, “anonymous surveys of medical workers indicate that there are many examples of the use of euthanasia in the practice of doctors in the absence of any punishment.” The reasons why older people want to die, in general, come down to their age, psychological, social and material problems.

The Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center was created specifically to work with older people on the basis of the former sanatorium-preventorium of the Red October plant in 1999. On the territory of the Center there is a main building, a vegetable storehouse, a garage, a laundry, a bathhouse and a rehabilitation center. The center began its work with a group of 20 residents. Currently there are 100 of them. The Center is fully staffed by medical specialists and social work specialists.

The Center’s specialists work with those under their care, taking into account their age-related physical and psychological characteristics of the patients, among which the most important are: a general decrease in physical strength, difficulty hearing and vision, poor adaptation to changing conditions, poor memory, often high isolation and suspicion, moodiness and irritability. In addition, with age, traits of emotional stuckness appear. “Insults to personal interests are usually never forgotten by stuck individuals, which is why they are often characterized as resentful and vengeful people. In addition, they are called sensitive, painfully touchy, easily vulnerable people.” The difficulties of caring for older people are directly related to mental characteristics that cause certain behavior. “Older people in hospital often suffer from depression... suffer from short-term memory disorder...” In addition, many older residents acquire childlike personality and behavior traits. “Elderly people are very jealous of attention from medical staff.” Often older people suffer from disorientation syndrome, which is expressed in the fact that the patient incorrectly assesses the time or place in which he is. This feature of elderly patients also requires a certain line of behavior and great ingenuity from medical and social workers.

The Gerontological Center, being an institution of permanent (or temporary) residence, stores in its archives the life history of every elderly person who has settled here. Each person has his own reasons why he lives not at home, but in a social institution. In 2005, we conducted a medical and social study, one of the main goals of which was to identify and classify the reasons for living in the Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center. An important aspect of the study was to identify the relationship between living in a gerontological center and a decrease in the ability to self-care.

The study was carried out using testing methods (according to Katz) and individual counseling.

Testing included:

Identify the ability for self-care, reflecting the preservation of the primary individual functions of daily activity, such as movement, dressing, hygiene and nutrition;

Assess the secondary functions of daily activity, which include social functions: food delivery, cleaning the premises, washing clothes, etc.;

Define dementia according to Katz.

The results are presented in graph 1.

Graph 1. Decreased ability for self-care among residents of the Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center (2005)

Graph 1 shows that the first degree of limitation with partially reduced secondary functions of daily activities is typical for 36.8% of those living in the gerontological center. The second degree of limitation by partially reduced primary functions of daily activity is observed in 20.3% of residents. The third degree of limitation with significantly reduced primary functions of daily activities was identified in 16.6% of patients. The fourth degree of limitation with pronounced abilities for self-care and complete dependence on other persons is diagnosed in 11% of the examined elderly people.

Analysis of the results showed that 27% of residents had reduced vital activity, which corresponds to the norm, taking into account the total number of residents and age-related changes.

Referring to graph 2 will help to better understand the reasons why older people ended up in a social institution.

Chart 2. Reasons for living in the Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center

Obviously, the reasons for living in a gerontological center, according to the wards’ own assessment, are the lack of housing for 16.6% of elderly residents; in the loss of self-care in 36.8% of wards; alone in 13.8% of old people; in protracted conflicts in the family in 12% of older people. 4.6% of residents were guided by their own choice.

The relationship between the ability for self-care and living in a Gerontological Center is the most direct: 100% of wards who have the lowest ability for self-care consider it the reason for living in a Gerontological Center rather than at home.

In connection with the identified reasons for living in a gerontological center, it is possible to predict the expectations of older people towards medical and social workers. The desire to live longer and not be a burden, to remain, if possible, socially active, leads to the emergence of the main component of medical and social rehabilitation of older people - their motivation, their own desire to lead a socially active lifestyle. Rehabilitation is impossible without the subject of rehabilitation. The efforts of doctors and social workers will be useless if the elderly person does not want to restore vital and social functions.

The Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center has accumulated extensive experience in the rehabilitation, readaptation and resocialization of older people.

An important place in comprehensive rehabilitation is given to:

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation.

A sustainable increase in the level and quality of life, maintaining a socially acceptable lifestyle for older citizens is carried out taking into account the specifics of the situation, age and other differentiation of older people, national traditions, religious and other differences in the following main areas:

1. strengthening the legal protection of elderly citizens by promoting special norms in the current legislation that contribute to the implementation of constitutional guarantees of their rights, implementing comprehensive measures to provide legal and other protection to elderly people who find themselves in difficult life situations or victims of criminal acts, creating a social advocacy and social ships;

2. ensuring a decent standard of living for older people by maintaining a guaranteed minimum subsistence level and income that would allow them to meet the needs of life and improve the quality of life, regardless of belonging to any category, region of residence and other conditions;

3. improving the health status of older people, based on the prevention and reduction of morbidity and disability, accessibility for all older citizens of medical and special geriatric care, drug provision, continuity and interconnection of diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation, medical and psychological support, social and medical services , care and payment of social benefits for care, as well as measures to rationalize nutrition;

4. Promotion of increasing the role of the family in caring for the elderly, economic, social and psychological support for families providing care for elderly relatives, especially families with low incomes and elderly couples, as well as taking into account gender differences in the provision of assistance and social services, organizing effective social services for lonely elderly people;

5. assistance in providing older people with decent housing in accordance with minimum state standards that meet the physical capabilities and specific lifestyle of older people, through modernization, reconstruction and repair of houses and apartments, design and construction of new types of housing, improving environmental living conditions and creating conditions for active recreation;

6. optimization of the network and development of the material and technical base of institutions serving older people in various sectors of the social sphere, including. specialized, using their potential to solve problems of life support and socialization of older people on the basis of state standards for the volume and quality of services, creating a system of independent control over the provision of assistance and services;

7. provision of targeted social assistance to the elderly, primarily: single citizens and elderly couples who have lost the ability to self-care, seriously ill elderly people (single elderly women, residents of remote areas of rural areas, the Far North and similar areas, internally displaced persons, persons without a fixed place of residence;

8. creating favorable conditions for feasible employment of older people and providing them with guarantees in terms of satisfactory conditions and wages, preventing injuries and preventing occupational diseases, preventing discrimination based on age in employment, ensuring equal access for older people to programs and systems of vocational guidance, training and retraining;

9. stimulating social participation and supporting socially oriented initiatives of older people, promoting the activities of public associations and organized communities to implement interpersonal contacts, meet the cultural and educational needs of older people and their desire for self-realization;

10. organization of effective psychological assistance to older people, including preparation for a change in social status and retirement, adaptation to deteriorating health conditions, decreased ability to work; loss of loved ones, loneliness, psychological assistance in overcoming stressful and conflict situations, including in the family;

11. ensuring the availability of information to older people about measures taken to improve their legal, economic and social status, about the activities of executive authorities to protect the interests of older people and social institutions in terms of providing services to older people.

Chapter 2. Mechanism for implementing the main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens

In the period until 2010, it is necessary to comprehensively improve the mechanism for implementing specific areas of state social policy that relates to older people as a special socio-demographic group and takes into account the main forms of their life activities. This means the following:

Ensuring the validity of decisions made, federal and regional targeted programs aimed at supporting older citizens.

Carrying out an examination of bills and draft regulatory legal acts at the federal and regional levels for their possible impact and expected consequences on the life of older citizens. Strengthening the legal mechanism and economic guarantees for the provision of social and socio-medical services, provision of medical and medicinal care, sanitary and epidemiological well-being of older citizens. Rulemaking activities to improve the system of legal guarantees for the well-being of older citizens, along with the development of new social technologies to support families, primarily multigenerational ones. Carrying out a re-evaluation of current legislation at the federal and regional levels to immediately eliminate gaps in it that are used to commit crimes against older people. Familiarization of representatives of the legislative and executive powers, senior citizens and the population as a whole with the characteristic features of illegal actions committed against senior citizens. Development and implementation of legal education programs explaining the rights of older citizens to government support.

Ensuring that older people, if appropriate, have access to all forms of medical care, including outpatient, inpatient and emergency medical care, subject to constant monitoring of its volume and quality, medicines and medical products. Creation in the Russian Federation of an extensive system of gerontological assistance to the population, consisting of specialized offices and institutions and having the appropriate personnel potential. Formation of a palliative care system, including special institutions - hospices, palliative care departments in hospitals, palliative care rooms in outpatient clinics. Improving the system of gerontopsychiatric care through the development of a network of gerontopsychiatric offices in the structure of general outpatient institutions, units in psychoneurological dispensaries, gerontological departments in psychiatric hospitals, psychosomatic gerontological departments in general hospitals, as well as structures of socio-psychological care for older people. Improving targeted rehabilitation and physical education work with older people, aimed at promoting health and preventing diseases. Ensuring access for older people to hearing aids, prostheses, glasses, personal mobility and rehabilitation aids, exercise equipment for physical therapy in order to maintain activity and the ability to self-care.

Consistent increase in the real content of pensions, taking into account the growth of consumer prices and the dynamics of average monthly wages in the country. Timely implementation of pension payments. Carrying out pension reform in order to ensure the financial sustainability of the pension system in the long term based on a combination of distribution and savings principles of financing compulsory pensions. Carrying out measures to protect the savings of older people from the effects of inflation.

Development of a network of institutions providing social assistance and social services to older people in their usual environment, primarily at home. Consistent implementation of the principle of an individual approach, compliance of the services provided and material and living conditions with the needs of older people living in inpatient social service institutions.

Introduction of innovative models of social services in non-stationary and semi-stationary social service institutions as more effective and closer to the needs of older people. Development of paid social services. Implementation of measures to create a market for high-quality social services. Expanding the circle; entities providing assistance to older people on terms acceptable to them, through the involvement of government and non-government organizations, families and volunteers.

Ensuring the development and implementation at the regional and municipal levels of programs providing for the construction and reconstruction of equipped housing for multi-generational families, taking into account their belonging to a medical and social group and the degree of loss of self-care ability, including special residential buildings for the elderly; citizens and elderly couples, with the involvement of non-state funds.

Creation of an industry of gerodietetic products that have therapeutic and prophylactic value and have a positive effect on the aging body. Organization of educational work among the elderly population about proper nutrition methods. Implementation of activities within the framework of socio-economic development programs aimed at meeting the food needs of older people and improving the food supply of older people, including by providing assistance to elderly rural residents in food production. Supporting the efforts of local governments to monitor the nutritional situation of older people, including through preventive examinations of older people to provide medical and social assistance.

Development of measures aimed at providing older citizens with opportunities for feasible employment in the state and non-state sectors of the economy. Establishing targeted work of employment services in relation to older people, taking into account the state of the labor market and the individual expectations and capabilities of older people. Taking into account the interests and characteristics of older workers when determining working conditions, work schedule and organization in agreements between associations of employers, trade unions and executive authorities at all levels. Supporting initiatives of older people in the development of small businesses, including family entrepreneurship, various forms of self-employment.

Organization of work to maintain the socio-cultural activity of older people by strengthening functional structures aimed at providing citizens of the older generation with equal conditions and opportunities for a full social and cultural life. Development and implementation of programs to provide educational, educational, cultural, entertainment and informational activities, addressed to various groups of older people, with an emphasis on overcoming social exclusion, mastering the requirements of a changing environment and interacting with it. Creating conditions for expanding informal contacts through the organization of various clubs for older people, intensifying the work of trust services, developing a network of sports and entertainment centers and tourism for older people.

Implementation of measures aimed at the safety of the use of medicines and household chemicals by older people, the convenience of older people on the streets and in transport. Increasing demands on manufacturers regarding mandatory information to older consumers about the possible consequences of using products and; compliance with safety standards for food products, household items, devices and equipment used by older people every day. Prevention of unfair advertising and sales methods based on the exploitation of the problems of older people and their material resources.

Introducing older people to mass communications through special sections in print and electronic media. Involvement of state media in the implementation of programs for the socialization of older people, widespread dissemination of the positive experience of participation of older people in society, Support of public associations and the media that introduce introductory programs for elderly consumers.

Strengthening equal partnerships between executive authorities and public associations, especially charitable ones. Assisting them in implementation; strategically important areas of activity to provide services to older citizens, protect their rights and interests, and increase social activity. Promoting the creation and supporting the functioning of associations of older people for the best integration of older citizens into the process of social development. Dissemination of statistical and other information characterizing the situation of older citizens. Conducting mutual consultations and joint events.

Study of legal, demographic, socio-economic gerontological, geriatric, pedagogical and other aspects of population aging and problems of older citizens. Development and implementation of research and educational programs to study the specific lifestyle and situation of older people. Ensure coordination and sustainable funding of research. Improving the system of demographic and social statistics characterizing the process of population aging and its impact on the socio-economic development of Russia. Monitoring the situation of older citizens and conducting special surveys. Periodic preparation of a state report on the situation of older citizens in Russia. Training and retraining of scientific, teaching personnel, general specialists in working with older people, including lawyers, demographers, psychologists, geriatricians, sociologists, teachers, social workers and others for the purpose of staffing the implementation of state social policy in relation to older citizens .

Formation of consolidated guaranteed sources of financing for state social policy measures, programs and action plans to improve the living conditions of older citizens at the federal and regional levels. Further improvement of the procedure for the formation of budget expenditures for the social needs of older people. Actively attracting extra-budgetary funds, including funds from insurance, charitable and private foundations, to achieve the goals of state social policy in relation to older citizens.

Creation at the federal and regional level of state-public bodies that coordinate the activities of federal executive authorities, executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, enterprises and organizations, public associations and individuals to provide support to older citizens.

Development of international cooperation and exchange of information on practical activities for the benefit of older people in the field of human rights and development, development and implementation of policies and programs for the benefit of older people, conducting scientific research on aging issues, training of medical, social workers and other specialists to work with older people people.

Chapter 3. Regulatory framework.

The Labor Code of the Russian Federation states that pensions in our country are assigned in accordance with the law “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” (as amended by the Law of the Russian Federation of September 25, 1992). The Law “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” establishes that pension relations are regulated only by this law, that is, changes in the conditions and standards of pension provision are carried out only by introducing amendments and additions to this law.

The purpose of this law is to ensure the stability of the achieved level of pension provision and its increase as the well-being of workers grows.

The main criterion for differentiating the conditions and standards of pension provision is recognized in the law as labor and its results. The law divides all pensions into two groups - labor pensions and social pensions. Labor pensions, i.e. There are four types of pensions that are established in connection with labor and other socially useful activities counted towards length of service:

By old age;

For disability;

In case of loss of a breadwinner;

For years of service.

Accordingly, the law names the grounds for assigning these pensions.

Those citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a labor pension are provided with a social pension. This is a pension for everyone. The conditions determining the right to a social pension are listed in Art. 113 of the Law. As a general rule, citizens who are simultaneously entitled to various state pensions are assigned one pension of their choice, with the exception of three categories of citizens entitled to two pensions (Article 5 of the Law).

Financing of pension payments is carried out by the Pension Fund from three sources:

Employers' insurance contributions;

Citizens' insurance premiums;

Allocations from the Federal budget.

Payment of pensions to military personnel and citizens equivalent to them, their families, as well as social pensions is carried out at the expense of funds allocated to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation from the federal budget.

An important point is that when changes and additions are made to this Law that require an increase in expenses for the payment of pensions, the relevant federal law must necessarily define the source of financial support for additional expenses.

You can apply for a pension at any time after your right to it arises. This rule applies to all types of pensions.

When establishing the size and conditions of payment of pensions, concepts such as length of service and average monthly earnings are used.

Taking into account the total length of service, that is, the total duration of a particular socially useful activity, an old-age pension is established, and in appropriate cases, a disability pension and a survivor's pension.

Taking into account special work experience, that is, the total duration certain labor activity, an old-age pension is established in connection with special working conditions (Article 12 of the Law), work in the Far North (Article 14 of the Law), as well as a pension for long service (Section V of the Law).

Periods counted in the length of service are calculated according to their actual duration, with the exception of the cases listed in Article 94 of the Law on Preferential Calculation of Periods (for example, time spent working in the regions of the Far North and localities equivalent to them is counted at one and a half times; military service on conscription, the time of work during the Great Patriotic War and the period of work in leper colonies and anti-plague institutions - in double the amount, and the period of work in Leningrad during the blockade - in triple the amount) and special rules for calculating length of service (Article 83 of the Law).

Work experience acquired before registration as an insured person in accordance with the Federal Law “On individual (personalized) registration in the state pension insurance system” is established on the basis of documents issued in the prescribed manner by the relevant state and municipal bodies and organizations.

And after registration as an insured person, the length of service is established on the basis of individual (personalized) accounting information.

The size of the pension is determined from the average monthly earnings, except in cases where the pension is assigned in the maximum amount.

For citizens whose pension cannot be calculated from earnings, it is set at the minimum amount of the corresponding pension.

The composition of earnings from which the pension is calculated is determined in Article 100 of the Law. Earnings for calculating pensions include all types of payments (income) received in connection with the performance of work (official duties) provided for in Article 89 of the Law, for which insurance contributions are charged to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

The natural part of earnings is assessed at state retail prices for the period when wages were paid.

The average monthly earnings when granting a pension are determined: for the last 24 months, or for 60 consecutive months of work throughout the entire working life before applying for a pension (Article 102 of the Law).

The procedure for calculating average monthly earnings is specified in Article 103 of the Law. It is calculated by dividing the total earnings for 24 months of work and 60 months of work, respectively, by 24 and 60.

This article also indicates how average monthly earnings are calculated if the work lasted less than 24 months.

The law provides for an increase in pensions for certain categories of citizens (Article 110), as well as the appointment of supplements to pensions.

The general rules for calculating allowances are as follows:

n bonuses are accrued after the amount of the pension is determined and it is increased in accordance with Article 110 of the Law;

n pension with bonuses is not limited to the maximum amount;

n if there are 2 or more non-working pensioners in a family, then each disabled family member who is their common dependent is taken into account for the supplement to only one of the pensioners.

Pension provision in accordance with the Law is carried out by state bodies of social protection of the population. The rules for applying for a pension, its appointment and organization of payment, maintaining pension documentation are established in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

The pension is assigned from the day of application for it, with the exception of several cases described in Article 119 of the Law, when the pension is established earlier than the day of application for it. But in all cases, the pension is assigned no earlier than from the date the right to it arises.

The Law “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” provides that the organization (citizen) is responsible for the accuracy of the information contained in the documents issued for the assignment and payment of pensions.

Disputes regarding the assignment and payment of pensions, deductions from pensions, etc. are permitted by a higher authority of social protection of the population.

Chapter 4. Social problems of development of the Russian pension system

An analysis of the dynamics of the ratio of the employed working population and pensioners of our country over the time period under consideration reveals a number of characteristic trends.

Statistics show that the number of employed people over the period since 1992 has decreased by 9.3% (6.7 million people), while the number of pensioners has increased from 35.2 to 38.2 million people, i.e. e. by 8.2%. As a result, the burden of the pension system on the economic system of the employed population increased from 46 pensioners per 100 people. employed in the national economy at the beginning of the transition period to 57 pensioners at present.

In subsequent years, due to the deterioration of the economic situation in the country, in many previously pension-free regions, the situation became significantly more complicated, and the ratio of pensioners to the working population approached and even exceeded 50%. Thus, in the Republic of Karelia (from 43.8% in 1992 to 56.1 in 1995), the Arkhangelsk region (from 42.8 to 59.9%), the Jewish Autonomous Region (from 40.9 to 50 .7%). To visualize the structure of the pension system, it is advisable to consider in more detail the dynamics of the number of main categories of pensioners for the same periods. As statistics show, over a 5-year period, the total number of pensioners increased by 7.3% or 2.6 million people, while the number of recipients of labor pensions increased by 7.4% (2.5 million people), the number of recipients social pensions - by 25%, and the number of labor pensioners grows evenly every year, the number of military pensioners throughout the entire period decreased annually by approximately 15-17% per year.

Let us present the dynamics of the real size of the old-age pension (in 1987 prices):

1990 - 80%, 1992 - 52%, 1993 - 62%, 1994 -58%, 1995 - 60%, 1996 - 54%, 1997 - 53%, 1998 -41%.

At the same time, naturally, at least two fundamental principles of the state insurance pension system were violated: maintaining the standard of living of pensioners by ensuring a stable level of purchasing power of pensions and ensuring a balance between the average size of old-age pensions and average wages.

The consequence of the processes listed above was a catastrophic deformation of the financial security of the pension system, in which the level of financial security for pension payments decreased from 100-120% in the pre-reform period to the level of 80-85% in the transition period to market relations. In proportion to the size of the decrease in security, there was a decrease in the level of assigned pensions themselves.

It is natural that the average old-age pension in average annual dynamics was relative to the average wage:

1990 -41%, 1991 - 37%, 1992 -26%, 1993 - 34%, 1994 -35%, 1995 - 39%, 1996 -37.8%, 1997 - 37.2%.

The relationship between the minimum old-age pension and the subsistence level has become even more unstable. If in 1991 it was 171%, then by 1992 it decreased to 59%, and by 1996 it decreased further to 50%. In 1991, the minimum pension amount corresponded to the minimum consumer budget, and not to the subsistence level.

During the transition period, there was also a profound deformation of another basic principle of constructing a pension system: the connection between the size of the pension and the amount of the citizen’s labor contribution. As a result of the introduction, along with inflationary indexation of pensions, compensation payments, there was a decrease in the real sizes of certain types of pension payments, the differentiation between the maximum and minimum amounts of pensions sharply narrowed, and a tendency towards equalization of pension provision again arose. Instead of the differentiation provided by law within the range of 1:3-3.5, in 1997 it was no more than 1:1.7.

The methods used by government agencies to combat the consequences of inflationary growth in consumer prices also played an important role in the deterioration of pension provision. At the same time, the only anti-inflationary measure - indexation of pensions based on the results of the previous three months - in the conditions of galloping price growth did not provide the necessary level of compensation for losses and inevitably led to a further decrease in the purchasing power of pensions.

Thus, by the mid-90s. those. Almost three to five years later, the Russian pension system began to experience crisis phenomena, the main features of which are:

· violation of the principle of dependence of the size of the pension on the labor contribution of the pensioner;

· a sharp decline in the standard of living of pensioners, which is most clearly manifested in the lag of the minimum pension amount from the pensioner’s subsistence level;

· narrowing the differentiation of the minimum, average and maximum pensions due to an increase in the share of compensation and equalization additional payments to the minimum pension and a decrease in the influence of the “salary factor” on the amount of the assigned pension;

· imbalance of the PFR budget due to the increase in the Pension Fund's expenses on numerous types of payments, which are not ensured by adequate receipt of insurance payments (allowances and increases for various categories of pensioners, expansion of the rights of pensioners to receive a long-service pension, to preferential and “northern” pensions to the detriment of pensions for old age, i.e. upon reaching insurance age, maintaining pensions for working pensioners, etc.);

· unsettled financial settlements between the Pension Fund budget and the federal budget of the Russian Federation, the State Employment Fund, etc. Thus, the most serious of the problems listed above at the current stage of development of the pension system is the deepening of the financial crisis of the pension system, which is manifested in a significant expansion of the expenditure side of the Pension Fund budget and a sharp reduction in its revenue side.

The main reason for the unbalanced budget of the pension system is due to the fact that in the pension system there are many mechanisms for inappropriate spending of pension funds - the possibility of receiving a pension regardless of the payment of insurance contributions, many benefits for certain categories of pensioners that are not secured by corresponding cash receipts, etc.

Pension legislation does not link the provision of benefits with the actual state of working conditions at work, with the amount of insurance premiums and their timely payment.

An equally significant factor in the deterioration in the financial security of pension payments was the decline in the collection of all types of income of the Pension Fund.

The rate of contributions to the Pension Fund is determined by federal tariff legislation. However, recently, the excessively high tariff rate of deductions from wages for pensions has become burdensome for enterprises and organizations. In recent years, the insurance tariff has been increased more than three times - from 12% in 1990 to 39.5% in 1997, which for enterprises, organizations, institutions includes contributions to the Pension Fund - 29%, to the Social Insurance Fund - 5.4%, to the state employment fund - 1.5% and for compulsory health insurance - 3.6%.

The total amount of insurance tariffs from wages was by year:

1990 - 12%, 1991-38%, 1992 - 38%, 1993 - 39%, 1994-1995 - 40%, 1996-1998 - 39,5%.

In recent years, the conditions and mechanism for monitoring the collection of insurance premiums have become significantly more complicated for almost all categories of payers. Due to the decline in controllability in the budgetary and financial system, expressed in the uncontrolled growth of shadow circulation of funds and their significant displacement from legal circulation by various substitutes (securities of various types, barter relations, “in-kind” payments, etc.), to ensure any The stable collection of Pension Fund revenues to finance planned pension expenditures is proving increasingly difficult. Suffice it to recall that the level of overdue debt on insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation at the beginning of 1999 amounted to about 130 billion rubles, i.e. almost the annual budget of the Pension Fund in 1997

The practice of recent years has also shown the presence of a significant number of ineffective elements in the current organizational scheme for managing state pension insurance. The primary place among them is occupied by the division of functions of collecting and spending pension funds that still remains between the Pension Fund and the social protection bodies, which has led to the fact that the use of these funds is carried out without proper legal and financial control over the movement of financial resources from the Pension Fund bodies directly until the pensioner. As a result, inappropriate and unjustified spending of funds in regional social protection bodies has reached significant proportions.

Chapter 5. Reform of the pension system

§ 1. Formation of the pension system in Russia.

Over the past ten years, the pension system of the Russian Federation has undergone significant changes associated with the introduction of pension insurance principles. A unified registration system for insured persons working for hire and the self-employed population has been created, the composition of earnings (income) from which pensions are calculated and insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation have been brought to a unified base, mechanisms have been worked out to achieve a financial balance of income and liabilities of the state pension system provision, personalized recording of information about each insured person has been implemented for the purposes of state pension insurance. To this day, doubts are being expressed: was it necessary to abandon the previously adopted pension model and begin reform? Indeed, in recent years the financial position of the Pension Fund has been quite stable. By the end of 1999, the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation managed to completely eliminate arrears in pension payments; since then, the payment schedule has been observed everywhere and strictly. In 2000-2001, pensions were indexed regularly every quarter (except for November 2001). In addition, over the past 2 years, insurance reserves in the amount of about 120 billion rubles have been created.

Judging by these indicators, the pension system, at first glance, was stable and did not need any significant changes. However, this is only at first glance. In fact, the pension model used until recently was extremely imperfect. Even professional pensioners could not calculate in advance what they would face in old age.

Pension legislation was not codified; until the end of 2001, two pension laws were in force in the Russian Federation simultaneously, equally discriminating against workers by the restrictions they set on the wages they took into account when assigning a pension. The logic of these restrictions is clear - the legislator established a fairly high replacement rate for earnings lost during retirement, but the pension system did not have enough sources of income to fulfill all emerging obligations. And then the law established restrictions that cut off part of the obligations and limited the pension rights, first of all, of persons who received higher contributions, from whom higher contributions were paid.

Thus, according to the law of November 20, 1990 No. 340-I “On state pensions in the Russian Federation” (enacted in 1992), a citizen, depending on his work experience, could count on a pension in the amount of 55 to 75% of average earnings, either for the last 2 years before retirement, or for any 5 consecutive years of your entire working life. However, the pension calculated using this formula could not exceed three minimum pension amounts (168 rubles 47 kopecks at the beginning of 2001).

It was possible to increase the pension according to the Law of November 20, 1990 to a more realistic level only by decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, which introduced additional compensation payments to the pension. As a result, the situation became common when a pensioner received a pension in the amount of 468 rubles, of which 168 rubles were they earned it as a pension, and 300 rubles were paid to him as compensation. The pension for this category of recipients, in essence, has become a social benefit assigned in connection with reaching retirement age.

The new law No. 113-FZ, adopted in 1997 and entered into force in February 1998, was supposed to overcome this contradiction and restore the lost connection between wages and pensions. According to the provisions of this law, the employee retained the right to receive a pension in the amount of 55 to 75% of earnings, depending on length of service. And instead of three minimum pensions, the legislator established as a limiter the size of the average salary in the country established for calculating pensions, and its ratio to the pensioner’s salary. This ratio was initially set at 0.7 (i.e., when assigning pensions, a pensioner’s salary was taken into account in an amount not exceeding 0.7 of the average salary in the country). Subsequently, the wage ratio was gradually increased. And since May 2001, the maximum earnings from which the pension is calculated began to be 20% higher than the average salary in the country established for calculating the pension (at the end of 2001 this in monetary terms was 2,005 rubles). And the maximum size of the labor pension has reached 90% of the average salary in the country for calculating pensions. The situation with pension payments at the end of 2001 is presented in the following graphs. Analysis of the graphs shows that by increasing wage ratios, it is possible to ensure a more complete accounting of the earnings of those who received high salaries, and due to this, an increase in the average pension. But in this case, those whose earnings have already been fully taken into account according to the norms of Law No. 113-FZ when assigning a pension remain without an increase. And also those who receive a pension according to the law of November 20, 1990. But both of them, as a rule, are a low-income category of pensioners. And we have 15-16 million such people out of 38.5 million recipients of state pensions. Moreover, several million of them, with full work experience before March 2001, received a pension in the amount of 468 rubles. It would be abnormal to turn away from the problems of this category on the grounds that they have not earned the right to a large pension. It is impossible to survive with a pension amounting to 45% of a pensioner’s subsistence level. Therefore, since March 2001, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the minimum pension payment was set at 600 rubles (and since August - 660 rubles). Recipients of minimum pensions warmly supported him. Recipients of average pensions rightly believed that increases should occur at the same rate for all pensioners, regardless of how things stand with minimum pensions and how optimal the ratio between maximum and minimum pensions is. Finally, recipients of high salaries, which were largely not taken into account when assigning pensions, insisted that additional income from the Pension Fund should be primarily used to increase the differentiation of pensions, i.e. to increase pensions for those pensioners whose earnings were not taken into account in full when assigning and recalculating pensions. Unfortunately, it was impossible to overcome these differences in interests of different groups of pensioners based on the old pension model.

This model was not suitable for one more reason - it did not create any interest among workers in paying pension contributions from the full amount of their salary. As a result, in 2000-2001, pension contributions were paid at 35% of the population’s actual income, the remaining 65% remained outside of taxation - in the shadows, and contributions to the Pension Fund, which by law should have been 28% of the payroll, in fact barely exceeded 10 % From him . And the old model did not create any interest in changing this abnormal situation. What is the point for an employee to refuse shadow schemes for receiving a high salary if he earned pension rights not from its full amount, but from only 2000 of it!

§ 2. Prerequisites for pension reform

The contradictions of the old pension system indicate that, despite the fairly stable position of the Pension Fund in recent years, it was on the verge of a crisis from which, based on cosmetic changes to the old pension legislation carried out throughout the 90s, it could not be taken out. The ongoing transformations have prepared the necessary prerequisites for further reforms, however, due to the influence of factors “external” to the pension system (primarily political, economic, demographic) their positive influence is decreasing every year.

The main economic reasons for the pension reform:

· a ten-year trend towards reduction in the purchasing power of pensions ;

· narrowing the differentiation of pension amounts, caused, on the one hand, by the desire of the insured to conceal their income from paying into pension insurance (i.e., understating the base for calculating insurance premiums), and on the other hand, by maintaining strict restrictions on the maximum size (ceiling) of the pension, if necessary, to permanently increase it minimum level based on the purchasing power of the pension;

· final loss of connection between pension and “labor contribution” pensioner, which is expressed in the fact that the amount of the old-age labor pension practically does not depend on either the length of work experience or the amount of earnings, because to calculate the maximum pension, only half of the average monthly salary can be taken into account;

· deterioration of demographic factors in the development of the labor market , which manifest themselves with a predicted sharp drop in the working age population; Thus, according to the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the distribution system works effectively if the ratio of the number of pensioners and employed is at least 1:10. And today in our country there are almost 40 million pensioners against approximately 80 million employed, that is, the required ratio is only 1:2. (in Soviet times, there were just 10 - 11 workers per pensioner; the USSR pension system had real support and was considered one of the most progressive in the world) .

· maintaining the price of labor at a low level for a civilized European state due to the low rate of economic development in the long term, which is clearly manifested in macroeconomic indicators for the next 20 years.

Along with economic reasons, there is a deterioration in the demographic situation. In this process, two negative trends can be identified: an increase in the number of pensioners (from 34.1 million in 1992 to 36.6 million at the end of 2001) simultaneously with a decrease in the number of employed (from 72.1 million in 1992 to 65 .1 million at the end of 2001). Thus, if in 1992 there were 2.11 people employed in the economy (1.88 hired workers) per pensioner, then in 2000 there were only 1.78 (1.38). And this does not take into account hidden unemployment and concealment of wages (the basis for the unified social tax), which is especially typical for individual entrepreneurs and commercial structures.

§ 3. Directions for reforming the pension system of the Russian Federation.

During the period that has passed since the adoption of the Concept of reforming the pension system in the Russian Federation (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 7, 1995 No. 790 “On measures to implement the concept of reform of the pension system in the Russian Federation”), a number of regulations have been developed and adopted aimed at the implementation its provisions.

In 1996, the Federal Law “On individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system” came into force, on the basis of which the basis for a new infrastructure of the pension system was created, providing an information base for motivating the payment of insurance premiums by all workers. The introduction of personalized accounting should be carried out in a proactive manner, as this creates the prerequisites for subsequent transformations.

The next step in introducing a personalized accounting system was the adjustment of the procedure for assigning and recalculating pensions with a focus on the use of these personal accounts. In May 1997, the Law of the Russian Federation “On State Pensions in the Russian Federation” was amended to provide for the establishment of length of service and the determination of average monthly earnings when assigning pensions and recalculating them based on data from individual personal accounts.

In order to carry out further work in this direction, Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 15, 1997 No. 318 “On measures to organize individual (personalized) accounting for the purposes of state pension insurance” was adopted. To carry out work on processing information on individual (personalized) accounting in the state pension insurance system, by order of the Government of the Russian Federation dated June 9, 1997 No. 796, an Information Center for Personalized Accounting was created under the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

The Federal Law “On the procedure for calculating and increasing state pensions” provides for a transition to a fundamentally new mechanism for calculating and increasing state pensions, based on determining an individual coefficient for each pensioner. The new mechanism ensures not only the calculation of the pension amount, but also its permanent indexation strictly based on the growth rate of average wages in the country. At the same time, it allows more objectively than the old one to differentiate the size of pensions depending on labor contribution and limits the influence of equalizing factors in pension provision.

However, this shift was achieved through a sharp reduction in differentiation in pension amounts. Currently, the differentiation of maximum and minimum pensions is 1.7:1 instead of 3:1 according to the law. As a result, wages play virtually no role in calculating the size of a pension, and the population’s incentives to “earn” a pension have weakened.

In the period after the start of the pension reform, the development of the non-state pension provision system took place in the absence of a regulatory legal framework and an adequate system for regulating their activities. This had a negative impact on the overall level of financial reliability of non-state pension funds and the low level of public confidence in them.

The objective reason for the financial instability of the pension system is, on the one hand, the crisis of non-payments in the national economy, and on the other hand, its inconsistency with the changed socio-economic conditions in the country.

Temporary normalization of the financial situation during the period of a more favorable ratio between pensioners and contributors due to demographic factors (2000-2007) will not be able to ensure the stability of the current pension system in the long term. The calculations show that in the subsequent period the crisis of the pension system, based on existing principles, will again begin to worsen and in the future will inevitably lead to the insolvency of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Such conclusions are based on long-term demographic forecast data.

Stabilization of the existing distribution pension system can only be achieved through a gradual increase in the retirement age with the simultaneous abolition of all existing benefits.

It is possible to prevent the deepening of the crisis of the pension system and create the preconditions for economic growth only through a phased transition from a universal distribution system to a combined pension system, in which accumulative mechanisms for financing pensions play a significant role. The formation of significant pension savings will reduce the financial dependence of the pension system on the ratio of the number of people of working age to pensioners and thereby significantly increase its stability in the face of unfavorable demographic changes.

In the long term, as an alternative to the current distribution system, a combined pension system is proposed, which includes:

state pension insurance as the leading element of the system, according to which the payment of pensions is carried out depending on the insurance (work) experience, the amount of contributions paid to the state pension insurance budget and is financed both from current revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and from funds received from directing part of the mandatory insurance premiums to accumulation, and from investment income from their placement;

state pension provision for certain categories of citizens, as well as for persons who have not acquired the right to a pension under state pension insurance - at the expense of the federal budget;

additional pension insurance (security), carried out through voluntary contributions of employers and employees, and in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation - mandatory insurance contributions.

In order to increase the long-term financial sustainability of the pension system, it is proposed that a phased, in full accordance with the organizational and financial capabilities of the state and the existing pension system, introduction of savings mechanisms into the state pension insurance system.

Indexation of pensions is carried out taking into account the financial capabilities of society and should not lead to further financial destabilization of the pension system.

In the reform process, it is necessary to make changes to regulatory legal acts on the issues of individual (personalized) accounting of insured persons in the state pension insurance system. The personalized accounting system must meet the requirements associated with the introduction of conditional savings and personal savings accounts of citizens into the mechanism for financing pensions.

At the same time, it is necessary to specify approaches to reforming preferential pensions using funded mechanisms.

The reform program involves the formation of a flexible system of effective incentives for voluntary later retirement, including the use of conditional savings and personal savings accounts of citizens, in which longer work and, accordingly, a reduction in the expected period of retirement can significantly increase the recipient's its monthly amount. Such a system of incentives should take into account not only the financial interests of the pension system, but also changes in the situation on the labor market. It is also important that the proposed incentives do not actually turn into a system of economic coercion of older people to continue active work, contrary to their capabilities and desires.

During the transition period, it is advisable to centralize the accounting functions of state pension insurance, including its funded element, and the created professional pension systems within the framework of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

It is necessary to provide for a set of measures for the further development of additional pension insurance (security), including stimulating pension savings through tax breaks and increasing the effectiveness of guarantees of their safety.

To create conditions for a flexible state pension policy in relation to certain categories of citizens, it is necessary to adopt a federal law on additional material support for citizens for special services to the Russian Federation, which defines the general principles and grounds for making decisions on the establishment of monthly additional payments to pensions for persons who have special services to the Russian Federation. Federation.

The model of state pension provision proposed in the Program with the phased introduction of funded elements ensures a balance of income and liabilities of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation throughout the entire transition period (until 2020) without increasing the base rate of insurance contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation.

In the forecast, the main factors ensuring stabilization of the financial position of the pension system during the transition period are:

reforming early retirement mechanisms by transferring them to professional pension systems;

determining the size of pension payments depending on the amount of revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation;

taking into account the projected (expected) life expectancy of a pensioner when assigning a pension and stimulating later retirement through the use of conditional savings and personal savings pension accounts;

ensuring the delineation of obligations for financing insurance pensions and other pension payments between the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and other sources, including the federal budget and state social extra-budgetary funds;

legislative consolidation of the list of non-insurance periods to be included in the insurance period for state pension insurance, as well as the determination of the principles and amounts of financing the obligations arising in connection with this from the federal budget;

increasing the collection of insurance premiums as a result of the introduction of conditional savings and personal savings pension accounts;

partial financing since 2005 of newly assigned labor pensions on a funded basis.

In the long term, the labor pension under state pension insurance will be formed according to the distribution and accumulation principles in equal proportions. At the same time, the tariff policy in state pension insurance should be focused on a gradual reduction in the rate of contributions for employees working in normal technological and climatic conditions.

In order to reduce hidden subsidies through the pension system of industries with an increased share of jobs with hazardous working conditions, as well as regions with special natural and climatic conditions, it is advisable

consider introducing an additional tariff for insurance pension contributions for them.

It is expected that, as part of the tariff policy for state pension insurance, by 2010 the contribution rate allocated for the formation of savings in personal pension accounts will be 7-8%, and in the long term to achieve a parity ratio between the distribution and savings parts of labor pensions.

The following sequence of increasing the accumulative element of the tariff for state pension insurance is proposed:

2000 - 1%; 2003 - 3%; 2006 - 5%; 2009 - 7%.

This increase will be achieved by redistribution within the established insurance tariff in favor of the funded part of contributions.

At the same time, to ensure the implementation of conditional savings and personal savings pension accounts of citizens, the following additional information must be accumulated on the personal account:

the amount of insurance premiums paid by the employer for the insured person on a distribution basis;

the amount of insurance premiums paid for the insured person and aimed at accumulation;

the amount of accrued investment income associated with investing part of the insurance premiums allocated for accumulation;

the amount of insurance contributions transferred through the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation to professional pension systems (during the transition period), as well as accrued investment income on these savings.

In order to reflect this information to the maximum extent, the following sub-accounts must be opened as part of the personal account of each insured person:

a conditional savings account in which contributions paid by the employee or for the employee by the employer are reflected on a distribution basis. On the basis of conditional savings accounts, insured persons will be assigned a part of the labor pension, which is financed from a distribution source;

a personal savings pension account, which reflects insurance premiums used for accumulation and registers accrued investment income associated with their investment;

a professional pension account opened for employees participating in mandatory professional pension systems. This account reflects additional contributions paid by employers to fund early retirement, as well as accrued investment income received from investing these funds through occupational pension systems.

The size of labor pensions is supposed to be calculated only on the basis of insurance characteristics:

age;

insurance experience;

insurance premiums;

wages (income) from which insurance premiums were paid;

as well as pension savings (pension reserves) allocated to the personal savings accounts of the insured.

The insurance length of the insured person is the total duration of the periods of work of the insured person during his life, for which insurance premiums were paid.

Since 2001, labor pensions for those retiring in old age are assigned within the framework of a personalized accounting system based on conditional savings accounts. In this regard, for the period starting from 2001, the main insurance indicator, on the basis of which the part of the future labor pension financed on a distribution basis is formed, should be the amount of insurance premiums paid.

The main source of financing for part of the labor pensions assigned on a distribution basis according to data from conditional savings accounts should be current revenues to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, with the exception of insurance contributions aimed at accumulation and income from their investment.

Insurance premiums aimed at accumulation and income from their investment form pension reserves, which are subject to investment by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation through independent management companies and can only be spent on paying part of labor pensions to persons who have corresponding savings in personal savings accounts in the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. Federation.

Taking into account the universal nature of the inclusion of workers in the funded scheme and the insignificance of the accumulated resources for workers retiring during the first 5 years from the introduction of funded elements, it is planned to use them to partially finance pension payments only after 2005.

Thus, starting from 2005, labor pensions for the majority of those retiring in old age will consist of two parts, assigned on a distribution and funded basis.

As the pension savings of insured persons grow, the part of the labor pension financed from a funded source will increase and in the long term may reach a value equal to the value of the labor pension financed on a distribution basis.

In this regard, it is necessary to envisage, starting from 2005, changes in the procedure for calculating labor pensions financed on a distribution basis. The relative size of the part of pensions assigned on a distribution basis should gradually decrease as the part of pensions under the funded scheme increases.

The use of conditional savings accounts is based on the principle of registering contributions to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation on the individual personal account of each employee in the same way as if these contributions constituted real pension savings. In particular, the contributions reflected in the conditional savings account are indexed, or interest is conditionally accrued on them at agreed rates.

It is planned to gradually introduce funded elements of pension financing into state pension insurance. The transformation of the current procedure for assigning old-age pensions with a decrease in age due to special working conditions involves the implementation of measures aimed at transferring them to the scope of activities of professional pension systems. It is expected to consider the issue of assigning early pensions in connection with special working conditions based on the application of the currently valid Lists No. 1 and 2 of industries, works, professions, positions and indicators that give the right to an old-age pension on preferential terms taking into account the criteria for professional risk levels. It is advisable to apply these criteria as a mandatory condition for the implementation of rights to a professional pension, which will allow for a gradual transition from the formal grounds for recognizing the right to a preferential pension based on Lists No. 1 and 2 to the establishment of this right depending on the degree of actual risk of certain types of production (labor) activity for the health and ability to work of each individual employee.

The introduction of an additional tariff for insurance premiums should be synchronized with the implementation of tax reform, which involves reducing the overall level of taxation of the wage fund. The additional tariff for insurance premiums should be set in such a way that it does not cause a general increase in the level of taxation of the wage fund that existed before the tax reform.

To ensure the solution of this problem, it is necessary, as part of the reorganization of the system of preferential pensions assigned both in connection with special working conditions and in connection with residence in the Far North and equivalent areas, to prepare draft federal laws on amendments and additions to tax legislation , ensuring a real reduction in the insurance and tax burden on the wage fund.

Insurance premiums at the additional rate are transferred to authorized non-state pension funds. At the same time, it is necessary to ensure control by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation within the framework of personalized accounting of contribution payers and non-state pension funds.

The proposed approach to organizing professional pension insurance is directly related to the implementation of a personalized accounting system in the state pension insurance system throughout the Russian Federation.

Persons who, by the time the reform of professional pensions begins, will have more than half of the required length of service acquire the right to receive a pension on preferential terms from the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation. However, the duration of the period for receiving a preferential pension will be reduced depending on how many months the insured person lacks to reach the full minimum length of service. If, at the same time, these persons continue to work in workplaces with special working conditions, then additional insurance contributions paid for them by employers must go to the relevant professional pension systems and ensure the formation of an early (preferential) pension on a funded basis.

Payment of pensions from the moment of the right to early retirement in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation until the age at which the preferential pension begins to be paid to these persons by the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation will have to be carried out exclusively through professional pension systems.

In professional pension systems, employer contributions must relate to the costs of production of products (works, services). It is advisable to provide benefits in terms of taxation of investment income within the framework of professional pension systems.

Reforming state pension insurance does not impede the development of voluntary additional pension provision (insurance). Such insurance can be carried out both at the expense of the insured themselves and at the expense of employers within the framework of collective and individual labor contracts.

The formation of a system of voluntary additional pension provision (insurance) should be based on the development and improvement of the financial reliability of currently operating non-state pension funds.

It is advisable to organize taxation of voluntary additional pension provision (insurance) according to the following scheme:

exemption of contributions for voluntary additional pension provision (insurance) from income tax and profit taxation within the established standard;

full or partial exemption of income from transactions with pension reserves from income tax and capital gains tax;

levying income tax on pension payments.

In order to ensure the reliability of the voluntary supplementary pension provision (insurance) system, it is necessary to create an effective mechanism for supervision and regulation of its activities, including:

improving the accounting and reporting system in the field of voluntary supplementary pension provision (insurance) and ensuring its information transparency;

establishing requirements for agreements concluded by non-state pension funds with management companies and depositories.

The formation of a multi-level system of guarantees for the safety of pension savings plays an extremely important role in the development of non-state pension funds.

The first level of such guarantees is the mandatory reserve fund of a non-state pension fund, the procedure for the formation of which will be established by regulations.

The second level of guarantees is the equity capital of management companies, depositories and non-state pension funds.

The third level of guarantees is a guarantee insurance fund, formed as a self-regulatory organization, subject to direct government control.

It would be advisable to make participation in the guarantee insurance fund mandatory for all non-state pension funds that provide compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation.

§ 4. Ways to carry out pension reform

A consequence of the destabilization of the financial situation of state pension insurance in the 90s was the discussion of the possibilities of carrying out pension reform.

The pension system in Russia has faced and still faces several complex, partly contradictory tasks, the main of which are:

· ensuring financial equivalence of income and liabilities of the pension system in the long term;

· improving the standard of living of pensioners;

· ensuring the adequacy of paid contributions to assigned pensions;

· not increasing, if possible, the level of burden on the payroll for contributions to the pension system.

Solving these problems was impossible while maintaining the distribution system, since, as the world experience of pension provision shows, in the context of a decrease in the ratio of the number of payers and pensioners (after 2013 it will begin to decline and by 2034 will approach 1) it requires a significant increase in pension rates . According to estimates, in order to maintain pension payments at the existing level while maintaining the distribution system, by 2050 the contribution rate should be increased to 45-50% of the payroll .

An increase in the generally established retirement age was discussed as a possible measure to preserve the distribution system. As world practice shows, a gradual increase in the retirement age is occurring in most countries with transition economies. For a short period of time, raising the retirement age makes it possible to stabilize the financial condition of the distribution system and delay the moment when the number of pensioners reaches the number of contributors, but it is not capable of fundamentally solving the tasks set. In addition, increasing the retirement age cannot be carried out in countries with low life expectancy, such as Russia. In addition, new “old” workers will need jobs or “take” them away from young ones.

Increasing the retirement age for receiving an old-age pension on a general basis could also significantly increase the number of people retiring due to disability.

Thus, maintaining the distribution system does not allow solving the set reform tasks. An alternative to the distribution system is the savings system, which, according to supporters of its implementation, has a number of significant advantages. Calculations by the Ministry of Labor show that with a contribution rate of 28% and investment income of 4.5% per annum, the payer needs 20 years to accumulate a pension in the amount of 50% of his salary .

The most important arguments in favor of a funded system are as follows:

· pre-financing of pension obligations will lead to an increase in the share of savings in the economy,

· the funded pension system will contribute to the formation and stabilization of capital markets,

· the demand for investment created through investment programs based on savings principles will stimulate economic growth, providing much-needed investment capital,

· the functioning of the savings system does not depend on demographic problems that threaten the existence of distribution systems almost all over the world,

· investment income will help reduce long-term pension costs.

At the same time, it should be taken into account that the reliability and efficiency of the funded pension mechanism, like any financial mechanism, depends to a large extent on a number of conditions - sustainable and dynamic economic development, low inflation, developed financial, especially insurance institutions, as well as the presence of public confidence in the ongoing reforms.

The savings system also has a number of negative aspects. Its main disadvantage is that the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation has significant financial obligations to current and future pensioners. These circumstances will persist until the mid-40s, but the main burden of them will be in the first 20 years of the reform. In this connection, the formation of a funded component by reducing the tariff sent to the distribution system will inevitably lead to a decrease in the standard of living of pensioners in the near future.

§ 5. World experience in reforming pension systems

Strange as it may sound, the problem of reforming pension systems has faced many developed countries in recent years. The fact is that they, like Russia, until recently had a distribution system for assigning pensions (the so-called “first level” or system pay- us- you- go), and every year it becomes more and more unreliable. This is due to a number of reasons:

· dependence on the demographic situation (aging population, and as a result – a decrease in the ratio of the number of workers and the number of pensioners),

· growth in the average standard of living, which forces pensions to increase.

Almost all countries have come to the conclusion that it is necessary to move to more efficient pension systems. That is, the transition to a funded pension system, as well as voluntary pension savings of citizens. The transition program to the use of these systems has begun in all European countries and will finally be completed (according to the “EU Pension System Development Plan”) approximately in 2020. It should be noted that developed countries combine pension models in their pension systems to varying degrees.

The formation of models of national pension systems is the result of public agreement on the principles of construction and methods of implementing social policy. Such agreement is formed under the influence of the economic, cultural and national traditions of a particular country. A general and unchangeable condition for the organization of any pension system is the creation by the state of a legal, organizational and economic framework that ensures the preservation of the rights acquired by employees to a pension. The level of efficiency of the pension system is determined by the nature of:

- “external conditions” related to the situation in the economy, the activities of financial and insurance institutions;

- “internal conditions” determined by the specifics of a particular pension system (structure, types and subtypes of the system, the nature of its financial mechanisms);

And if the general direction of the reform does not cause disagreement, then there is no consensus on the specific directions of the reform. 4 main approaches have been developed:

· control of the growing obligations of the state, i.e. reducing the generosity of pension payments within the distribution system and increasing the retirement age (France and Germany followed this path)

· weakening of the “social contract”: gradual transfer of responsibility from the state to the citizen, the creation of tax incentives (Sweden and the USA) to solve the main problem of this method - the degree of mandatory pension contributions. Without this, pension systems develop slowly (Spain, Italy).

· “liberation of assets” - removal of barriers to investing pension reserves to increase their profitability (Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Spain),

· the most comprehensive – supplementing the distribution system with systems financed through market mechanisms (Hungary, Poland, Italy, Sweden, a number of Latin American countries), i.e. employees contributing part of their salaries to private pension funds.

When developing the pension reform project back in 1995, the question arose about the possibility of using the experience of foreign countries. The criterion for choosing a country is the similarity in the dynamics of social and demographic indicators of development. Oddly enough, the choice of reformers fell on the Kingdom of Sweden. A special role in the choice was played by the fact that parts of the general design of the pension model, completed and already used in Sweden - the mechanism for investing sources of financing the funded part of the pension, professional pension systems - have not yet been worked out and approved in Russia, and are now only beginning to be implemented in life. Despite the differences in the level of income of the population and living standards, the cost of living in both places relative to the income of the population is very high, which forces citizens to direct the bulk of their income to current consumption. In this regard, in both Russia and Sweden, the role of savings in ensuring old age is relatively small, and the dependence on wages is very high: in both Russia and Sweden, pensions make up the overwhelming majority of the population’s income, if not the only source of livelihood for them. For these countries, too, the ratio of workers to pensioners is deteriorating at an accelerating pace, making it impossible to use a distribution system based on intergenerational solidarity.

Sweden has a fairly long history of pension provision. The first model began operating in 1914. Then there were the reforms of the 60-70s. In 1990-1992, discussions about pension reform began again, which culminated in the development of a draft pension reform in 1998. About two and a half years after the adoption of the program it took to prepare practical measures for the implementation of the new pension model, which began on January 1, 2001.

Basically, the structure of the Swedish pension system is similar to the structure of the Russian pension system. (More precisely, the Russian pension system is similar to the Swedish one). However, several differences can be distinguished. Firstly, the guaranteed pension (analogous to the basic part of the labor pension) is provided only for people with low earnings 9 below $800 per month), and the guaranteed pension itself is about $620 dollars. Secondly, the distribution of the burden of paying pension payments is carried out in an equal manner for employers and employees, unlike in Russia, where 90% of payments fall on the employer. Thirdly, compulsory pension systems have already been introduced, only those planned in Russia. Fourthly, the total volume of payments to the Swedish pension system is: 16-22% for the insurance part of the pension, 2.5% for the funded part and 3.5% for the collectively negotiated part. This is slightly lower than the tariff that is established today in Russia (28% - nominal, 25.5% - real tariff, taking into account the regressive scale of the Unified Social Tax and pension payments). Despite this, according to the authors of the Swedish pension reform, they are not burdensome for the economy and are quite sufficient to provide pensions comparable to the standard of living in the country. Fifthly, pensions in Sweden are paid for life, but the frequency of payments and their size are set by the pensioner himself. And sixth, the main age group taken into account by Swedish law is citizens of the same age. This was used to avoid the possibility of a sharp increase in life expectancy, unsecured, not provided with financial resources to pay pensions for the increased period of survival, established statistically for each age group). This differentiated approach makes it possible to more realistically plan the required volumes of income and expenses of the pension system and competently manage its resources.

§ 6. Conducting pension reform

The contradictions of the pension system, which was in force until the end of 2001, showed that it was in a dead end from which it could not be brought out based only on cosmetic changes. Considering the impossibility of creating a full-fledged funded component, the Government of the Russian Federation decided to begin the formation of a mixed financing model, providing for the transformation of the distribution system into a conditionally funded system with the possibility of additional contributions under the funded scheme. An example of such a model is Latvia, where, starting from 1998, individual accounts have been created in which nominal accumulation occurs (i.e., indexation of deduction amounts). Such a scheme has incentives for later retirement, because the increase in pensions is ahead of the linear nature, and in addition, it has automatic stabilizers for adjusting the size of the pension depending on changes in life expectancy.

The Government of the Russian Federation decided, having fully fulfilled its obligations to pensioners under the old legislation, to abandon both the law of November 20, 1990 and Law No. 113 of the Federal Law, to prepare a package of laws in 2001, thus introducing new pension legislation in 2002.

At the end of 2001, the President of the Russian Federation signed 5 pension laws (“On the management of state pension provision (insurance)”, “On compulsory pension insurance in the Russian Federation”, “On labor pensions in the Russian Federation”, “On state pension provision in the Russian Federation”, and also laws on changes in tax legislation), which formed the basis for pension reform. At the same time, pensions were also increased: the average pension by the end of 2001 was 1,240 rubles.

With the beginning of the reform - on January 1, 2002 - the conversion of citizens' pension rights began, thereby marking the transition from a distribution to a conditionally funded (distribution-savings) pension system. It affected both those who are already retired and those who, having earned a certain amount of rights under the old pension model, continue to work until they reach retirement age or after it. The structure of funding sources and the new pension structure (as well as the one in force until January 1, 2002) are presented on Figure 2.2.

The greatest problems arise when converting the rights of the so-called transit generations - those age groups who, having earned pension rights in the old model, have not yet reached retirement age. All of them virtually retired as of 01/01/02 and were accrued a pension in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 113 Federal Law. It separated the insurance and basic parts, which are indexed according to the new laws. New insurance contributions will be added to the old ones, thus increasing the total amount of the pension.

In addition, for men under 50 years of age and women under 45 years of age, there is another part of their pension - accumulative, which plays the role of a reserve in case of a predicted deterioration in the demographic situation. A certain percentage of insurance premiums is allocated for these purposes. These funds, at the choice of citizens, will be directed to certain investment projects selected by the state or (presumably from 2004) non-state pension funds, and investment income, together with the funded part, will be added to the pension capital when calculating the pension.

§ 7. Forecast for the development of the pension system

In addition, reforming the pension system in the Russian Federation should be based on the fact that the rights of citizens acquired within the framework of the state pension system should be identical to the state obligations of the Russian Federation.

In this regard, the main features of the pension system of the Russian Federation should be the following main features:

· Indexation of the basic and insurance parts of the labor pension at rates faster than the price growth index, taking into account the growth rates of average wages in the country, based on the current pension legislation, the main indicators of the socio-economic development of Russia until 2005 of the Ministry of Economic Development, as well as the “Pension system reform program” until 2010."

· The amount of earnings (income) taken into account when determining the amount of a pension is not limited, and when calculating this earnings, it is necessary to take into account the entire period of working activity.

· In order to ensure equal opportunities for different age groups currently working, when forming pension capital, it is necessary to take into account their pension rights guaranteed by the current pension legislation, taking into account the period remaining until a particular citizen reaches retirement age

· Creation of an institute of additional pensions for workers in hazardous industries and special working conditions. These are the so-called professional pension systems. The phase of practical implementation of this stage of the reform directly depends on the timing of consideration of the relevant bills (“On compulsory professional pension systems in the Russian Federation” and “On the insurance contribution to finance compulsory professional pension systems”) in the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. At the moment, the laws have been adopted by the State Duma in the first reading. The approximate date for introducing these pension systems is 2003-2004.

· But the main stage of the pension reform will be the process of actually placing pension reserves into specific investment packages with the direct participation of non-state pension funds and close state control.

Pension provision remains one of the main social guarantees for citizens of Russia, and the pension system of the Russian Federation is a multi-link complex of state social protection bodies responsible for the appointment and payment of pensions and bodies of the Pension Fund of Russia (PFRF).

The problem of population aging, which affects all aspects of the activities of the state and society, at the stage of reforming the economy and the structure of society, poses important tasks for the Russian Federation on the path to sustainable social development, ensuring the collective security of Russian citizens throughout their lives.

Following the recommendations and principles set out in UN documents on the problems of population aging, and guided by them, the Russian Federation intends to formulate and implement its own strategy to respond to the new challenge of the time.

The Concept formulates the principles and most important directions of state social policy. The concept is the basis for the development of official documents, specific programs and activities in areas where the interests of older people are affected.

The provisions of the Concept are supplemented, clarified and specified in resolutions, orders, action plans and other documents approved by the Government of the Russian Federation.

In conclusion, I would like to note. It is easy to assess the state of society. It is more difficult, but still possible, to describe the state that she is trying to achieve. But the most difficult thing is to propose a program for transition from one state to another. Russia faces the task of finally choosing the direction of further reform in the next 10 years and, abstracting from the opinions of interested structures, radically changing the pension system in accordance with the realities of the time. We have to come the way that developed countries have been going through for decades, and under more favorable conditions.

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12. Kozlova T.Z. Monitoring pensioners’ satisfaction with living conditions // Sociol. research 1999. No. 9.

13. Lazarevsky A. A., Sushkevich A. G., “Inside out and upside down (Pension reform in Russia against the backdrop of foreign experience)” // Finance and Credit, 2002 No. 3.

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Kravchenko A.I. Sociology. Textbook. – M.: PBOYUL Grigoryan A.F., 2001.

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Introduction. 3

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens. 5

Chapter 2. Mechanism for implementing the main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation 6

Chapter 3.Regulatory framework. 9

Chapter 4. Social problems of development of the Russian pension system 11

Chapter 5. Reform of the pension system_ 14

§ 1. Formation of the pension system in Russia. 14

§ 2. Prerequisites for pension reform_ 16

§ 4. Ways to carry out pension reform_ 23

§ 5.World experience in reforming pension systems_ 25

§ 6. Pension reform_ 27

§ 7.Forecast for the development of the pension system_ 28

Conclusion. 29

Bibliography. thirty

Social assistance is one of the main forms of social protection, focused primarily on material support for elderly and disabled citizens, as well as families with children.

The purpose of my work is to analyze social policy regarding pensioners, highlighting the main problems and development prospects.

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation.

1 Orenburg branch of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation"

The article presents the results of a comparative study of existing national models of social policy regarding older people in Western Europe, the USA and Russia. Noting their specificity, inherent in the socio-economic system of each country, the author provides evidence that at the present stage there is an active process of diffusion of various models and their correlation, which means the desire of the world community to create a certain universal model that will be a product of general civilizational development. At the present stage, Russia is actively incorporating the experience of developed countries into the practice of interaction between the state and the elderly population. Comparison and generalization of factual material as a result of studying national models of social policy regarding the elderly made it possible to identify general principles and mechanisms for its implementation.

social policy for the elderly

the quality of life

integration processes

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Social policy is a specific product of cultural and economic relations located on the social plane and regulated by the state. In response to modern social challenges, the range of its areas is expanding. One of the emerging areas is social policy regarding the elderly population (SPP). Currently, social policy towards the elderly means a system of public priorities and measures aimed at creating decent living conditions and successful socialization of the elderly population. National models of this area of social policy are in the process of development, which actualizes issues of its theoretical reflection.

At the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries, the development of post-industrial society towards the formation of a social state became a factor ensuring social stability in the world and affirming the principles of its justice and solidarity. The American state was one of the first to take this path.

The American PPP model is based on the principle of interaction between government and business structures, the interweaving of the social component with other aspects of internal state policy: labor, migration, education, etc. The USA is one of the few countries that pays great attention to regulating relations in society between all age categories citizens

The country's elderly population has the right to selective medical benefits, various types of social benefits and pensions, which are reviewed annually and indexed depending on the level of inflation. In addition, America has created a national network of agencies for planning and coordinating services for older people, the purpose of which is to develop and coordinate special programs.

Modern Europe is characterized by two leading NGN models. One is based on a social insurance system, organized and financed by “social partners”, and is typical for countries such as Germany, Spain, Austria, etc. It establishes a strict connection between the level of social protection and the success (duration) of professional activity. The social rights of the elderly are determined by those contributions that are paid throughout their active life, that is, social payments take the form of deferred income (insurance contributions).

Insurance funds, managed on a parity or shared basis by employers and employees, collect deductions from wages, from which various professional insurance funds are formed and social payments are made. Social protection appears to be independent of the state budget. At the same time, there are reputable charitable foundations in the social sphere that deal with issues of social adaptation of people, including the elderly. In addition, there are many social and charitable programs from medical to peer clubs and international tourism.

It is significant that social workers and teachers in Germany, in alliance with professionals from Spain, have developed and are actively implementing post-work education programs. Special groups are created for training; they mainly include “intellectually intact” older people aged 60 to 75 years, mainly former intellectual workers. Such organizations do not solve the problem of employment of older people, but they do solve the problem of social rehabilitation. It is important to note that such a social protection system is quite effective, which is recognized and determined by high standards of social assistance.

The second model, common in countries such as England, France, Sweden, etc., is based on the fact that any person, regardless of his membership in the active population, has the right to minimal protection in relation to illness, old age or other reason for the reduction of his resources. Those countries that have chosen this SPP model have pension systems that provide a minimum income to all older people regardless of their past efforts to contribute from wages (so-called “social pensions” as opposed to “occupational pensions”). Such social protection systems are financed through taxes from the state budget. In this case, the principle of national solidarity, based on the concept of distributive justice, prevails.

Social assistance to the elderly is provided mainly on a voluntary basis. In addition, there are special communes for older people, but they are economically weak and unproductive. Such living is currently seen as a place of social exclusion, firstly because it restricts freedom of movement, and secondly, it closes the opportunity for development and life in a normal society.

In this regard, this form of care for the elderly, such as family living, is becoming increasingly important. Such families who have taken an elderly person into care are provided with special state benefits for care. They compensate for the loss of earnings of the family member who cares for the ward. Groceries and hot meals are delivered to your home, assistance is provided in maintaining contacts and increasing the capacity of older people, and a special television channel has been organized. Every Sunday a mass is broadcast for Catholics who cannot come to the church. In addition, semi-stationary forms of service have been preserved: daily, weekly, etc. (optional). Self-help groups and pressure groups are organized to restore relations between the individual, society and the state. In fact, the work of social services is carried out by local communities.

Over the past two decades, European NGN models have been characterized by the fact that they strive to unite and overcome differences between countries. The leading principle of the transforming European NGN model has become the principle of social justice and a focus on the value of skilled labor and knowledge. A specific feature of the united pan-European SPP model is the change in the focus of social programs from the universal level to the individual level. This is much cheaper and more effective, since targeted assistance is provided only to those who really need it. In addition, this orientation allows maintaining a decent level of quality of life for the elderly population. The modernization of European models is similar to the American one.

The era of post-industrial societies is a period of active transfer of experience from one cultural environment to another. An increasing number of countries are involved in this process and are faced with the task of bringing their socio-economic level into line with the world level (Japan, China, Korea, Singapore, etc.). Eastern countries have also embarked on the path of reforms in the field of NGN. A peculiarity of the eastern model of SPP can be called the fact that its concept provides for a guarantee of a minimum standard of living and stable existence of all members of society, which is achieved through the joint efforts of the state and private entrepreneurship with the coordinating role of the state. The priority task is the possibility of finding additional material resources for payments to the elderly population and creating decent living conditions for those who live separately from children due to changes in family relations. Special government programs are being developed to improve the social protection system and ensure decent conditions. Older people find work in small enterprises, repair shops, catering, and retail trade. Since they often have to change their profession, special retraining centers are created.

The traditional system of family care for the elderly has become ineffective in the new socio-economic conditions, which is why state rehabilitation centers are currently being created in eastern countries. Their competence includes providing information to the elderly population about a healthy lifestyle, disease prevention, consultation and medical assistance. Leisure centers are being developed where the elderly can engage in choral singing, dancing, calligraphy, photography, sports, etc.

In addition, the participation of older people in public affairs is actively encouraged. Local communities, on a public and charitable basis, organize services to provide medical and psychological assistance to older people, which also solve issues of their daily life.

In recent years, numerous dating services have appeared, and their clients are not so much young people as middle-aged people and widowed elderly people. The media widely publicize the positive aspects of this kind of remarriage, their beneficial effect on the psychological state of older people, solving their daily worries and spending leisure time.

The accelerated development of eastern countries led to the integration of the Western model of NGN, as a result of which the East began to focus on the world level when creating its own models. The Eastern NGN model is complex. It includes material security that guarantees a minimum pension that provides a subsistence level, health insurance and social benefits that can be counted on in case of dire need. The social security system is based on the fact that its normal functioning requires the efforts of not only the state and business, but also each individual.

Of the entire range of SPP problems, the greatest attention is paid to the creation of special jobs in the public and private sectors of the economy. This is due to the fact that due to the increase in life expectancy and the increase in the period of labor activity of this category of the population, as well as the lack of a young workforce, older people are becoming an important component of the labor market.

In Russia, the process of modernizing SPP begins in the 90s of the twentieth century. The original idea of the reformers was to create conditions that would ensure an increase in the well-being of older citizens in accordance with international standards. To implement the plan, it was decided to build a new model in such a way that it corresponds to the irreversible changes that have occurred in all spheres of Russian reality and responds to the long-term needs of society.

The general orientation of the SPP was aimed at the development of socially compensatory measures. Reserve funds for social protection of the population were formed from budgets of all levels: federal, regional and municipal. Targeted, mostly natural (social shops, charity canteens, etc.) assistance to the elderly population began to actively develop. As a result of the implementation of these measures, the number of emergency social assistance services in the country reached one thousand five hundred and eighty-five, and up to 5.3 million people received one-time support annually. Gerontological and gerontopsychological centers began to operate in the network of social service institutions. They took care of providing specialized, including medical care. A new type of social service institutions has emerged: specialized departments of social and medical services at home, social health or social rehabilitation centers operating on the principle of a sanatorium or rest home.

A new form of improving the living conditions of single elderly people in Moscow, as well as in the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Chita regions and Krasnoyarsk Territory, has begun to develop - the creation of social apartments. Residents of these apartments are served by social workers. Social support, improving the quality of life of older people, providing a wide range of social services, including at home, are one of the priorities of the SPP today.

The general right to social support is implemented in the context of the development of the right to ensure accessibility of cultural property. Many cultural institutions develop and implement programs to assist older people. 450 state theaters have introduced days of preferential performances for older people. Most exhibition halls and art galleries, including non-state and private ones, provide tickets to elderly people at discounted prices. Special centers-clubs for older people on the basis of existing cultural institutions also help overcome the lack of communication. All this allows older people to realize their potential for the benefit of society and maintain social connections.

In order to expand opportunities to ensure one’s financial well-being during the post-work period, various financial programs have been actively developing over the last decade. A network of non-state pension funds has been created that accept both personal contributions from citizens for future provision of pension payments, and targeted contributions from enterprises and organizations. In addition, the funds have the authority to transfer the funded part of the pension from the state pension fund to the non-state fund by the insured person.

Thus, the modern SPP, forming within the pan-European space, strives for an organization in which it will cease to urgently respond to individual facts of social injustice and begin to apply preventive measures. To do this, Russia is actively incorporating the experience of developed countries into the practice of government interaction with the elderly population and aligning the vector of development of the NGN, aligning itself with the American model. In this regard, the task of the near future is to invest capital and investments in the development of such social projects that will help eliminate negative dependencies, change the discourse regarding the elderly, and destroy the stereotype of the depletion of the socio-economic potential of an individual in old age.

A comparative study allows us to assert that at the moment all civilized countries are actively engaged in reforming the NGN in order to adapt it to modern realities. Transformation and modification processes occurring in various regions of the world contribute to the transformation and integration of existing NGN models on a global scale. The analysis also made it possible to identify the leading principles that contribute to the formation of a general civilizational model of the SPP:

1. The principle of interaction between society and social groups: combining the interests of the socio-demographic group of the elderly with national interests and the interests of the “third sector”.

2. The principle of social justice, focused on the value of skilled labor and knowledge: creation of an appropriate regulatory framework; reliance on the resource potential of older people.

3. The principle of maintaining a decent quality of life: focusing on the socio-economic status of the socio-demographic group of the elderly.

At the same time, it became possible to determine the differences between these models by identifying the leading mechanisms for the implementation of SPP, depending on the degree of state participation (PG) in solving problems in the social sphere:

In general, we can talk about insignificant differences, since in practice, all the mechanisms noted in the presented work are used in both Western and Eastern countries. Only the intensity of their application depends on the degree of state participation.

All of the above allows us to conclude that the modern transformation of the NGN model is a product of general civilizational development, and to a lesser extent the result of the specific conditions of individual countries. It becomes obvious that the world community is striving to create a single vector for the formation of a separate direction of social policy designed to solve the problems of the elderly population.

Reviewers:

Zakharova L.N., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, TGAKI, Tyumen;

Borko T.I., Doctor of Philosophy, Professor, Tyumen State University, Tyumen.

The work was received by the editor on January 15, 2014.

Bibliographic link

Mosina O.A. SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL POLICY MODELS FOR THE ELDERLY: PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS OF IMPLEMENTATION // Fundamental Research. – 2013. – No. 11-8. – S. 1746-1750;
URL: http://fundamental-research.ru/ru/article/view?id=33415 (access date: 02/01/2020). We bring to your attention magazines published by the publishing house "Academy of Natural Sciences"

1. Social policy regarding older people and disabled people.

In relation to elderly people and disabled people in the Russian Federation. health is protected, state pensions and benefits are established, state support is provided through the system of social services, and conditions for cultural and educational activities are guaranteed. Of particular importance for creating decent living conditions for older people and disabled people are constitutional norms on the right to housing, personal dignity, freedom of conscience and religion, private property, and the right to receive qualified legal assistance, including free legal assistance. The constitutional guarantee of the right to free work fully applies to older people and disabled people and does not contain any restrictions.

The legislation of the Russian Federation, implementing the specified constitutional guarantees of the rights of elderly people and disabled people, contains 3 types of norms:

Rules that establish the rights of all citizens, regardless of age, including those that are especially significant for older people and people with disabilities;

Rules directly related to the rights of older people and people with disabilities and the responsibilities of the state, non-state actors and family corresponding to these rights;

Norms regulating the situation of special groups (veterans, disabled people, various categories of elderly people depending on age).

In addition, government programs are being developed. The fundamental goals of the Programs are to improve the social situation of older citizens and people with disabilities, create favorable conditions for the realization of their rights and full participation in the economic, social, cultural and spiritual life of Russia, and improve interdepartmental coordination in solving problems of older people and people with disabilities.

2. State activities in the interests of older people and disabled people.

3. Legislation of the Russian Federation. realizing the constitutional rights of older people and people with disabilities.

For the purpose of the most complete implementation, the rights of elderly citizens and people with disabilities are developed in decrees of the President of the Russian Federation, decrees of the Government of the Russian Federation, acts of federal executive authorities, and legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Federal Law of August 2, 1995 N 122-FZ "On social services for elderly citizens and disabled people"

This Federal Law regulates relations in the field of social services for elderly citizens and disabled people, which is one of the areas of activity for social protection of the population, establishes economic, social and legal guarantees for elderly citizens and disabled people, based on the need to affirm the principles of philanthropy and mercy in society. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of November 25, 1995. No. 1151 “On the federal list of guaranteed state social services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people by state and municipal social service institutions.”

I. Services provided to elderly citizens and disabled people living in stationary social service institutions: material and household services, catering services, everyday life, leisure, social, medical and sanitary and hygienic services.

II. Services provided at home to elderly citizens and disabled people who need outside help due to partial loss of self-care ability: catering, everyday life and leisure services (purchase and home delivery of food products, hot lunches); social - medical and sanitary - hygienic services; assistance in obtaining education and (or) profession for disabled people in accordance with their physical capabilities and mental abilities; assistance in employment; legal services; assistance in organizing funeral services.

III. Additional services provided by specialized home care departments created in municipal social service centers or under social protection authorities (social and medical care at home): health monitoring; provision of emergency first aid; performing medical procedures, dressings, injections as prescribed by the attending physician; provision of sanitary and hygienic services; feeding weakened patients; carrying out sanitary and educational work.

VI. Services provided by emergency social assistance departments established under social protection authorities or municipal social service centers(urgent social services provide for the provision of one-time services to those in dire need of social support): provision of clothing, shoes and other essential items; providing financial assistance; assistance in providing temporary housing; providing free hot meals or food packages and; organization of emergency medical and psychological assistance; assistance in employment; organization of legal and other consultations.

V. Services provided in semi-permanent conditions(day (night) stay departments created in municipal social service centers or under social protection authorities), including for persons without a fixed place of residence: catering, everyday life and leisure services; social and medical services; assistance in obtaining education and (or) profession for disabled people in accordance with their physical capabilities and mental abilities and; legal services.

Federal Law of November 24, 1995 N 181-FZ “On the social protection of disabled people in the Russian Federation.”

This Federal Law determines the state policy in the field of social protection of people with disabilities in the Russian Federation, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with others and citizens in the implementation of civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and also in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties and the Russian Federation.

Federal Law of December 17, 2001 No. 173-FZ “On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation.” Determines the conditions for receiving pensions, including for disability.

4. Regional policy regarding older people and people with disabilities.

5. The essence of social policy regarding veterans.

State policy regarding veterans provides:

1) creation of appropriate structures for veterans’ affairs in government bodies;

2) implementation of social support measures established by this Federal Law and other regulatory legal acts for veterans and members of their families;

3) allocation from the federal budget and budgets of constituent entities of the Russian Federation of funds necessary for the implementation of social support measures specified in this Federal Law;

4) propaganda, using the media, of the importance of conscientious military service and labor activity, the importance of state awards for military and labor feats.

Federal Law "On Veterans" dated January 12, 1995 N 5-FZ

This Federal Law establishes legal guarantees for the social protection of veterans in the Russian Federation in order to create conditions that provide them with a decent life, active work, honor and respect in society. Federal Veterans Act

The Veterans Law contains three chapters:

Chapter I contains general provisions for veterans: categories of veterans, veterans of the Great Patriotic War, combat veterans, disabled people of the Great Patriotic War and disabled combat veterans, veterans of military service. Veterans of labor, veterans of public service, expenditure obligations for social protection and social support of veterans, organizational basis for the implementation of the functions of state authorities for veterans' affairs, state policy towards veterans, legislation of the Russian Federation on veterans and the scope of application of this Federal Law.

Chapter II considers the social protection of veterans: social support for veterans, measures of social support for participants of the Great Patriotic War, measures of social support for disabled war veterans, measures of social support for combat veterans, measures of social support for persons awarded the “Resident of Siege Leningrad” badge. Considers measures of social support for military personnel who served in military units, institutions, military educational institutions that were not part of the active army, in the period from June 22, 1941 to September 3, 1945 for at least six months, measures of social support for military personnel, measures social support for those awarded orders or medals of the USSR for service during the specified period. It also considers measures of social support for persons who worked during the Great Patriotic War at air defense facilities, local air defense facilities, the construction of defensive structures, naval bases, airfields and other military facilities within the rear borders of active fronts, measures of social support for persons who worked in operational zones of operating fleets, measures of social support for persons working on front-line sections of railways and roads.

Measures of social support for military personnel who served in military units, institutions, military educational institutions that were not part of the active army, in the period from June 22, 1941 to September 3, 1945 for at least six months, military personnel awarded orders or medals of the USSR for service during the specified period. Social support measures for family members of deceased (dead) disabled war veterans, participants in the Great Patriotic War, social support measures for combat veterans, social support measures for labor veterans. This chapter also considers monthly cash payments to veterans, providing social support measures for veterans to pay for housing and utilities, as well as providing them with housing and providing funeral services.

Chapter III- these are the final provisions, which include: public associations of veterans, liability for non-compliance or improper implementation of the legislation of the Russian Federation on veterans, Judicial protection of the rights of veterans, documents confirming the rights of veterans.

6. Third Millennium Charter for Persons with Disabilities.

Third Millennium Charter 1999. Reflects the desire to create a world with equal opportunities for people with disabilities and ensure the full inclusion of this category of the population in all spheres of society. The Charter calls for the elimination of physical and psychological barriers to people with disabilities, for the use of all resources and achievements of humanity to provide disabled people with full access to social infrastructure. Particular attention is paid to the right of disabled people to rehabilitation and the creation of conditions for restoring the ability of disabled people to live independently.

To ensure the effective exercise of the right to independence, social inclusion and participation in public life of persons with disabilities, regardless of age, nature and origin of their disability The parties, in particular, undertake:

1. Take the necessary measures to provide vocational guidance to persons with reduced ability to work and provide them with the opportunity for vocational training (where possible) within the framework of the general education system, and where this is not possible, through specialized public and private institutions

2. Actively promote the employment of persons with disabilities by encouraging entrepreneurs in every way to hire such persons, employ them in a normal production environment and adapt working conditions to the needs of the disabled, and where this is not possible, create special workplaces and production areas for the disabled. In some cases, such measures may require referral to specialized employment and disability support services.

3. Promote the full social integration of persons with reduced ability to work in public life, their participation in public affairs through measures that include technical assistance aimed at overcoming barriers to communication and mobility difficulties, and ensuring access for people with disabilities to vehicles, housing, cultural institutions and leisure establishments.

Social partnership.

Social partnership in the sphere of labor (hereinafter referred to as social partnership) - a system of relationships between employees (representatives of employees), employers (representatives of employers), state authorities, local governments, aimed at ensuring coordination of the interests of employees and employers on the regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them.

Principles of social partnership:

Equality of the parties;

Respect and consideration of the interests of the parties;

Interest of the parties in participating in contractual relations;

State assistance in strengthening and developing social partnership on a democratic basis;

Compliance by the parties and their representatives with labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law standards;

Authority of representatives of the parties;

Freedom of choice when discussing issues related to the world of work;

Voluntary acceptance of obligations by the parties;

The reality of the obligations assumed by the parties;

Mandatory implementation of collective agreements and agreements;

Monitoring the implementation of adopted collective agreements and agreements;

Responsibility of the parties and their representatives for failure to comply with collective agreements through their fault.

The parties to the social partnership are employees and employers represented by duly authorized representatives.

State authorities and local governments are parties to social partnership in

cases when they act as employers, as well as in other cases provided for by labor legislation.

Levels of social partnership:

- At the federal level, which establishes the basis for regulating labor relations in the Russian Federation;

- At the interregional level, which establishes the basis for regulating labor relations in two or more constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

- At the regional level, which establishes the basis for regulating labor relations in a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

- At the industry level, which establishes the basis for regulating labor relations V industry(s);

- At the territorial level, which establishes the basis for regulating labor relations in a municipality;

- At the local level, which establishes the obligations of employees and employers in the world of work.

Forms of social partnership:

Collective negotiations for the preparation of draft collective agreements, agreements and the conclusion of collective agreements, agreements;

Mutual consultations (negotiations) on the regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them, ensuring guarantees of the labor rights of workers and improving labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms;

Participation of employees and their representatives in the management of the organization;

Participation of representatives of workers and employers in the resolution of labor disputes.

Documentation: Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Social protection system for the elderly and disabled. Social policy regarding older people is based on three areas: social protection, social assistance and social services. Social policy in the interests of older people 2 Modern

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1. Theoretical and methodological foundations for studying social protection of older people

1.1 Historical aspects of the development of social protection of older people in Russia

1 .2 Modern scientific approaches to the study of social protection of older people

1.3 Basic principles and mechanisms of social protection and services for the elderly population

The basic principles of constructing a new model of aging are collected in five groups:

the principles of the “independence” group imply that older people should have access to basic goods and services, the opportunity to work or engage in other types of income-generating activities, maintain opportunities for vocational training, etc.

the principles of the “participation” group reflect issues of older people’s involvement in society and active participation in the development and implementation of policies affecting their well-being;

the principles of the group “realization of inner potential” call for older people to have opportunities to fully realize their potential;

the principles of the “dignity” group address issues of avoiding exploitation, physical or psychological violence, etc.

The affirmation of these principles has not only social, but also diverse economic, medical and psychological consequences.

Social assistance and moral and psychological support are provided as part of social services. Social services are regulated by the Law “On Social Services for Citizens, the Elderly and Disabled People.” Social services for older people are provided

in non-stationary forms (at home);

in semi-stationary forms (day and night departments, rehabilitation centers, medical and social departments);

in stationary forms (boarding houses, boarding houses, gerontological centers, special residential buildings for the elderly).

The rehabilitation concept is fundamental for gerontological centers. “Its organizational principles include:

man is a psychosomatosocial unity;

rehabilitation is a methodological complex focused on human problems;

“holistic” effect on the body;

Use of proven methods from natural sciences and humanities;

Team method of work in socio-medical rehabilitation with the active participation of the elderly person himself.”

2.1 Management system for social protection and services for the elderly

Social protection and social services are implemented at the state, municipal levels and in the non-state social service sector.

2.2 The main reasons and social consequences of elderly people turning to a gerontological center (rehabilitation experience in the Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center)

Graph 1. Decreased ability for self-care among residents of the Volgograd Regional Gerontological Center (2005)

Similar documents

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation.

Chapter 2. Mechanism for implementing the main directions of state social policy in relation to older citizens

Chapter 3. Regulatory framework.

Chapter 4. Social problems of development of the Russian pension system

Chapter 5. Reform of the pension system

§ 1. Formation of the pension system in Russia.

§ 2. Prerequisites for pension reform

§ 3. Directions for reforming the pension system of the Russian Federation.

§ 4. Ways to carry out pension reform

§ 5. World experience in reforming pension systems

§ 6. Conducting pension reform

§ 7. Forecast for the development of the pension system

Chapter 1. Main directions of state social policy in relation to citizens of the older generation.

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